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High-quality labeled data is essential for training accurate document conversion models, particularly in domains with complex formats such as tables, formulas, and multi-column text. However, manual annotation is both costly and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yuan Liu , Zhongyin Zhao , Le Tian , Haicheng Wang , Xubing Ye , Yangxiu You , Zilin Yu , Chuhan Wu , Xiao Zhou , Yang Yu , Jie Zhou

We propose a scalable method for constructing a temporal opinion knowledge base with large language models (LLMs) as automated annotators. Despite the demonstrated utility of time-series opinion analysis of text for downstream applications…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Gaurav Negi , Atul Kr. Ojha , Omnia Zayed , Paul Buitelaar

Human variation in labeling is often considered noise. Annotation projects for machine learning (ML) aim at minimizing human label variation, with the assumption to maximize data quality and in turn optimize and maximize machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Barbara Plank

In supervised learning, low quality annotations lead to poorly performing classification and detection models, while also rendering evaluation unreliable. This is particularly apparent on temporal data, where annotation quality is affected…

Improvements in text generation technologies such as machine translation have necessitated more costly and time-consuming human evaluation procedures to ensure an accurate signal. We investigate a simple way to reduce cost by reducing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Belén Saldías , George Foster , Markus Freitag , Qijun Tan

Having a unified, coherent taxonomy is essential for effective knowledge representation in domain-specific applications as diverse terminologies need to be mapped to underlying concepts. Traditional manual approaches to taxonomy alignment…

Span annotation - annotating specific text features at the span level - can be used to evaluate texts where single-score metrics fail to provide actionable feedback. Until recently, span annotation was done by human annotators or fine-tuned…

Legal documents are unstructured, use legal jargon, and have considerable length, making them difficult to process automatically via conventional text processing techniques. A legal document processing system would benefit substantially if…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Vijit Malik , Rishabh Sanjay , Shouvik Kumar Guha , Angshuman Hazarika , Shubham Nigam , Arnab Bhattacharya , Ashutosh Modi

We present a new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for text classification that jointly exploits labels on documents and their component sentences. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which annotators explicitly mark sentences (or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-27 Ye Zhang , Iain Marshall , Byron C. Wallace

Scribble-based weakly supervised semantic segmentation leverages only a few annotated pixels as labels to train a segmentation model, presenting significant potential for reducing the human labor involved in the annotation process. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Xinliang Zhang , Lei Zhu , Shuang Zeng , Hangzhou He , Ourui Fu , Zhengjian Yao , Zhaoheng Xie , Yanye Lu

Multi-label legal annotation requires assigning multiple labels from large, evolving taxonomies to long, fact-intensive documents, often under limited supervision. Parametric encoders typically require task-specific training and retraining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Li Zhang , Jaromir Savelka , Kevin Ashley

Large amounts of annotated data have become more important than ever, especially since the rise of deep learning techniques. However, manual annotations are costly. We propose a tool that enables researchers to create large, high-quality,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Franziska Weeber , Felix Hamborg , Karsten Donnay , Bela Gipp

With the ongoing growth in number of digital articles in a wider set of languages and the expanding use of different languages, we need annotation methods that enable browsing multi-lingual corpora. Multilingual probabilistic topic models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Carlos Badenes-Olmedo , Jose-Luis Redondo García , Oscar Corcho

Tables are a prevalent format for structured data, yet their metadata, such as semantic types and column relationships, is often incomplete or ambiguous. Column annotation tasks, including Column Type Annotation (CTA) and Column Property…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zhihao Ding , Yongkang Sun , Jieming Shi

Medical conversations between patients and medical professionals have implicit functional sections, such as "history taking", "summarization", "education", and "care plan." In this work, we are interested in learning to automatically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Mengqian Wang , Ilya Valmianski , Xavier Amatriain , Anitha Kannan

Training and deploying machine learning models relies on a large amount of human-annotated data. As human labeling becomes increasingly expensive and time-consuming, recent research has developed multiple strategies to speed up annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ekaterina Artemova , Akim Tsvigun , Dominik Schlechtweg , Natalia Fedorova , Konstantin Chernyshev , Sergei Tilga , Boris Obmoroshev

Accurate prediction of 3D semantic occupancy from 2D visual images is vital in enabling autonomous agents to comprehend their surroundings for planning and navigation. State-of-the-art methods typically employ fully supervised approaches,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Duc-Hai Pham , Duc-Dung Nguyen , Anh Pham , Tuan Ho , Phong Nguyen , Khoi Nguyen , Rang Nguyen

This paper gives a general description of the ideas behind the Parallel Meaning Bank, a framework with the aim to provide an easy way to annotate compositional semantics for texts written in languages other than English. The annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Lasha Abzianidze , Rik van Noord , Chunliu Wang , Johan Bos

Semantic human matting aims to estimate the per-pixel opacity of the foreground human regions. It is quite challenging and usually requires user interactive trimaps and plenty of high quality annotated data. Annotating such kind of data is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Jinlin Liu , Yuan Yao , Wendi Hou , Miaomiao Cui , Xuansong Xie , Changshui Zhang , Xian-sheng Hua

Real-world domain experts (e.g., doctors) rarely annotate only a decision label in their day-to-day workflow without providing explanations. Yet, existing low-resource learning techniques, such as Active Learning (AL), that aim to support…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Bingsheng Yao , Ishan Jindal , Lucian Popa , Yannis Katsis , Sayan Ghosh , Lihong He , Yuxuan Lu , Shashank Srivastava , Yunyao Li , James Hendler , Dakuo Wang