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Training neural networks on image datasets generally require extensive experimentation to find the optimal learning rate regime. Especially, for the cases of adversarial training or for training a newly synthesized model, one would not know…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Koyel Mukherjee , Alind Khare , Ashish Verma

Training large-scale neural networks requires solving nonconvex optimization where the choice of optimizer fundamentally determines both convergence behavior and computational efficiency. While adaptive methods like Adam have long dominated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Chenrui Xu , Wenjing Yan , Ying-Jun Angela Zhang

Muon has recently shown promising results in LLM training. In this work, we study how to further improve Muon. We argue that Muon's orthogonalized update rule suppresses the emergence of heavy-tailed weight spectra and over-emphasizes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tianyu Pang , Yujie Fang , Zihang Liu , Shenyang Deng , Lei Hsiung , Shuhua Yu , Yaoqing Yang

Vision foundation models (VFMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in learning universal visual representations. However, adapting these models to downstream tasks conventionally requires parameter updates, with even…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jiahuan Long , Tingsong Jiang , Wen Yao , Yizhe Xiong , Zhengqin Xu , Shuai Jia , Hanqing Liu , Chao Ma

Training large language models (LLMs) typically relies on adaptive optimizers like Adam (Kingma & Ba, 2015) which store additional state information to accelerate convergence but incur significant memory overhead. Recent efforts, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Meyer Scetbon , Chao Ma , Wenbo Gong , Edward Meeds

We present a framework of Training Free Graph Matching (TFGM) to boost the performance of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) based graph matching, providing a fast promising solution without training (training-free). TFGM provides four widely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Zhiyuan Liu , Yixin Cao , Fuli Feng , Xiang Wang , Jie Tang , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tat-Seng Chua

In addition to the best model architecture and hyperparameters, a full AutoML solution requires selecting appropriate hardware automatically. This can be framed as a multi-objective optimization problem: there is not a single best hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 David Salinas , Valerio Perrone , Olivier Cruchant , Cedric Archambeau

Optimizers play a decisive role in reducing pre-training times for LLMs and achieving better-performing models. In this study, we compare three major variants: the de-facto standard AdamW, the simpler Lion, developed through an evolutionary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Joel Schlotthauer , Christian Kroos , Chris Hinze , Viktor Hangya , Luzian Hahn , Fabian Küch

Recent advances in spectral optimization, notably Muon, have demonstrated that constraining update steps to the Stiefel manifold can significantly accelerate training and improve generalization. However, Muon implicitly assumes an isotropic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yechen Zhang , Shuhao Xing , Junhao Huang , Kai Lv , Yunhua Zhou , Xipeng Qiu , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen

Proper optimization of deep neural networks is an open research question since an optimal procedure to change the learning rate throughout training is still unknown. Manually defining a learning rate schedule involves troublesome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-18 David Macêdo , Pedro Dreyer , Teresa Ludermir , Cleber Zanchettin

The target network update frequency (TUF) is a central stabilization mechanism in (deep) Q-learning. However, their selection remains poorly understood and is often treated merely as another tunable hyperparameter rather than as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Simon Weissmann , Tilman Aach , Benedikt Wille , Sebastian Kassing , Leif Döring

While large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, the hardware and computational costs for training LLMs are also significantly burdensome. Among the state-of-the-art optimizers, AdamW…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yufei Gu , Zeke Xie

Spectral behaviors have been widely discussed in machine learning, yet the optimizer's own spectral bias remains unclear. We argue that first-order optimizers exhibit an intrinsic frequency preference that significantly reshapes the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Gongyue Zhang , Honghai Liu

AdamW has been the default optimizer for transformer pretraining. For many years, our community searched for faster and more stable optimizers with only constrained positive outcomes. In this work, we propose a \textbf{one-line modification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Kaizhao Liang , Lizhang Chen , Bo Liu , Qiang Liu

Federated learning has been identified as an efficient decentralized training paradigm for scaling the machine learning model training on a large number of devices while guaranteeing the data privacy of the trainers. FedAvg has become a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Haotian Xu , Zhaorui Zhang , Sheng Di , Benben Liu , Khalid Ayed Alharthi , Jiannong Cao

Many training methods, such as Adam(W) and Shampoo, learn a positive-definite curvature matrix and apply an inverse root before preconditioning. Recently, non-diagonal training methods, such as Shampoo, have gained significant attention;…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-31 Wu Lin , Felix Dangel , Runa Eschenhagen , Juhan Bae , Richard E. Turner , Roger B. Grosse

Increasing the batch size during training -- a ''batch ramp'' -- is a promising strategy to accelerate large language model pretraining. While for SGD, doubling the batch size can be equivalent to halving the learning rate, the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Alexandru Meterez , Depen Morwani , Jingfeng Wu , Costin-Andrei Oncescu , Cengiz Pehlevan , Sham Kakade

Scaling laws have made language-model performance predictable from model size, data, and compute, but they typically treat the optimizer as a fixed training detail. We show that this assumption misses a fundamental axis of representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

In Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based image processing, most of the studies propose networks that are optimized for a single-level (or a single-objective); thus, they underperform on other levels and must be retrained for delivery of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Hyeongmin Lee , Taeoh Kim , Hanbin Son , Sangwook Baek , Minsu Cheon , Sangyoun Lee

The Muon optimizer has recently offered a promising alternative to AdamW for large language model training, leveraging matrix orthogonalization to produce geometry-aware updates. However, like all first-order methods, Muon can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jiacheng Li , Jianchao Tan , Hongtao Xu , Jiaqi Zhang , Yifan Lu , Yerui Sun , Yuchen Xie , Xunliang Cai