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Muon has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to AdamW for large-scale pre-training, with orthogonalization via Newton-Schulz (NS) iterations as its core operation. Existing Muon variants apply a uniform NS schedule to all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xinlin Zhuang , Panyi Ouyang , Yichen Li , Jiangming Shi , Yizhang Chen , Shuman Liu , Ying Qian , Weiyang Liu , Haibo Zhang , Imran Razzak

Optimization lies at the core of modern deep learning, yet existing methods often face a fundamental trade-off between adapting to problem geometry and leveraging curvature utilization. Steepest descent algorithms adapt to different…

If we want to train a neural network using any of the most popular optimization algorithms, we are immediately faced with a dilemma: how to set the various optimization and regularization hyperparameters? When computational resources are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Sourabh Medapati , Priya Kasimbeg , Shankar Krishnan , Naman Agarwal , George Dahl

Large language models have achieved major advances across domains, yet training them remains extremely resource-intensive. We revisit Sign-SGD, which serves both as a memory-efficient optimizer for single-node training and as a gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Daniil Medyakov , Sergey Stanko , Gleb Molodtsov , Philip Zmushko , Grigoriy Evseev , Egor Petrov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Randomized methods of neural network learning suffer from a problem with the generation of random parameters as they are difficult to set optimally to obtain a good projection space. The standard method draws the parameters from a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Grzegorz Dudek

Recent advancements in operator-type neural networks have shown promising results in approximating the solutions of spatiotemporal Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). However, these neural networks often entail considerable training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Shuhao Cao , Francesco Brarda , Ruipeng Li , Yuanzhe Xi

Adaptive optimization algorithms, particularly Adam and its variant AdamW, are fundamental components of modern deep learning. However, their training dynamics lack comprehensive theoretical understanding, with limited insight into why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Rhys Gould , Hidenori Tanaka

SGD and AdamW are the two most used optimizers for fine-tuning large neural networks in computer vision. When the two methods perform the same, SGD is preferable because it uses less memory (12 bytes/parameter with momentum and 8…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Ananya Kumar , Ruoqi Shen , Sebastien Bubeck , Suriya Gunasekar

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) as Machine Learning (ML) models have recently received a lot of attention as a potentially more energy-efficient alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks. The non-differentiability and sparsity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Maximilian Gollwitzer , Felix Dietrich

Muon has emerged as a strong competitor to AdamW for language model pre-training, yet its behavior at scale is sensitive to weight decay. Recent work has observed that, for Muon without decoupled weight decay, the spectral norm of weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kai Lion , Florian Hübler , Bingcong Li , Antonio Orvieto , Niao He

Scaling large models requires optimization strategies that ensure rapid convergence grounded in stability. Maximal Update Parametrization ($\boldsymbol{\mu}$P) provides a theoretical safeguard for width-invariant $\Theta(1)$ activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Tian Xie , Haoming Luo , Haoyu Tang , Yiwen Hu , Jason Klein Liu , Qingnan Ren , Yang Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Rui Yan , Bing Su , Chong Luo , Baining Guo

Inspired by SpecAugment -- a data augmentation method for end-to-end ASR systems, we propose a frame-level SpecAugment method (f-SpecAugment) to improve the performance of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) for hybrid HMM based ASR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Xinwei Li , Yuanyuan Zhang , Xiaodan Zhuang , Daben Liu

Hyperparameter tuning, particularly the selection of an appropriate learning rate in adaptive gradient training methods, remains a challenge. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a novel parameter-free optimizer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yijiang Pang , Shuyang Yu , Bao Hoang , Jiayu Zhou

Standard neural network training uses constant momentum (typically 0.9), a convention dating to 1964 with limited theoretical justification for its optimality. We derive a time-varying momentum schedule from the critically damped harmonic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ivan Pasichnyk

Adaptive optimizers such as Adam have achieved great success in training large-scale models like large language models and diffusion models. However, they often generalize worse than non-adaptive methods, such as SGD on classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yiheng Zhang , Shaowu Wu , Yuanzhuo Xu , Jiajun Wu , Shang Xu , Steve Drew , Xiaoguang Niu

AdamW has long been the dominant optimizer in language model pretraining, despite numerous claims that alternative optimizers offer 1.4 to 2x speedup. We posit that two methodological shortcomings have obscured fair comparisons and hindered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Kaiyue Wen , David Hall , Tengyu Ma , Percy Liang

In modern engineering scenarios, there is often a strict upper bound on the number of algorithm iterations that can be performed within a given time limit. This raises the question of optimal algorithmic configuration for a fixed and finite…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-31 Yushun Zhang , Dmitry Rybin , Zhi-Quan Luo

Gradient-based attacks are a primary tool to evaluate robustness of machine-learning models. However, many attacks tend to provide overly-optimistic evaluations as they use fixed loss functions, optimizers, step-size schedulers, and default…

In this paper we propose a new method for training neural networks (NNs) for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar mutual interference mitigation. Instead of training NNs to regress from interfered to clean radar signals as in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Christian Oswald , Mate Toth , Paul Meissner , Franz Pernkopf

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive generalization and emergent capabilities, yet their pre-training remains computationally expensive and sensitive to optimization dynamics. While Adam-based optimizers offer fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Junjie Wang , Pan Zhou , Yiming Dong , Huan Li , Jia Li , Xun Zhou , Qicheng Lao , Cong Fang , Zhouchen Lin