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Multiplex imaging is revolutionizing pathology by enabling the simultaneous visualization of multiple biomarkers within tissue samples, providing molecular-level insights that traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining cannot provide.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Hyun-Jic Oh , Junsik Kim , Zhiyi Shi , Yichen Wu , Yu-An Chen , Peter K Sorger , Hanspeter Pfister , Won-Ki Jeong

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Here, we present a diffusion transformer (DiT)-based pixel super-resolution virtual staining approach to transform low-resolution FTIR microspectroscopic images of the unstained tissues into corresponding high-resolution H&E-stained images.…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-10 Yudong Tian , Xiangyu Zhao , Yuqing Liu , Bofei Yang , Chongzhao Wu

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) aims to computationally synthesize molecular staining patterns from routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) images, offering a cost-effective and tissue-efficient alternative to traditional physical staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Rongze Ma , Mengkang Lu , Zhenyu Xiang , Yongsheng Pan , Yicheng Wu , Qingjie Zeng , Yong Xia

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the clinical standard for assessing tissue morphology, but it lacks molecular-level diagnostic information. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides crucial insights into biomarker expression,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Jingsong Liu , Xiaofeng Deng , Han Li , Azar Kazemi , Christian Grashei , Gesa Wilkens , Xin You , Tanja Groll , Nassir Navab , Carolin Mogler , Peter J. Schüffler

Microscopy enables direct observation of cellular morphology in 3D, with transmitted-light methods offering low-cost, minimally invasive imaging and fluorescence microscopy providing specificity and contrast. Virtual staining combines these…

Tumor spatial heterogeneity analysis requires precise correlation between Hematoxylin and Eosin H&E morphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression, yet current methods suffer from spatial misalignment in consecutive sections,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yizhe Yuan , Bingsen Xue , Bangzheng Pu , Chengxiang Wang , Cheng Jin

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the cornerstone of histopathology but lacks molecular specificity. While Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides molecular insights, it is costly and complex, motivating H&E-to-IHC translation as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Erik Großkopf , Valay Bundele , Mehran Hosseinzadeh , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Conventional hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining is limited to revealing cell morphology and distribution, whereas immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides precise and specific visualization of protein activation at the molecular level.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Fuqiang Chen , Ranran Zhang , Boyun Zheng , Yiwen Sun , Jiahui He , Wenjian Qin

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for untargeted, highly multiplexed molecular mapping of tissue in biomedical research. IMS offers a means of mapping the spatial distributions of molecular species in biological tissue with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yijie Zhang , Luzhe Huang , Nir Pillar , Yuzhu Li , Lukasz G. Migas , Raf Van de Plas , Jeffrey M. Spraggins , Aydogan Ozcan

Histological staining is the gold standard for tissue examination in clinical pathology and life-science research, which visualizes the tissue and cellular structures using chromatic dyes or fluorescence labels to aid the microscopic…

Medical Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Bijie Bai , Xilin Yang , Yuzhu Li , Yijie Zhang , Nir Pillar , Aydogan Ozcan

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a cornerstone of pathological analysis, offering reliable visualization of cellular morphology and tissue architecture for cancer diagnosis, subtyping, and grading. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Amit Das , Naofumi Tomita , Kyle J. Syme , Weijie Ma , Paige O'Connor , Kristin N. Corbett , Bing Ren , Xiaoying Liu , Saeed Hassanpour

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is widely regarded as the standard in pathology for diagnosing diseases and tracking tumor recurrence. While H&E staining shows tissue structures, it lacks the ability to reveal specific proteins that…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Histological Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLSs) are increasingly recognized for their correlation with the efficacy of immunotherapy in various solid tumors. Traditionally, the identification and characterization of TLSs rely on…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 Qiuli Wang , Yongxu Liu , Li Ma , Xianqi Wang , Wei Chen , Xiaohong Yao

The field of histology relies heavily on antiquated tissue processing and staining techniques that limit the efficiency of pathologic diagnoses of cancer and other diseases. Current staining and advanced labeling methods are often…

Chemical staining methods are dependable but require extensive time, expensive chemicals, and raise environmental concerns. These challenges highlight the need for alternative solutions like virtual staining, which accelerates the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-02 Mehdi Ounissi , Ilias Sarbout , Jean-Pierre Hugot , Christine Martinez-Vinson , Dominique Berrebi , Daniel Racoceanu

Tissue biopsy evaluation in the clinic is in need of quantitative disease markers for diagnosis and, most importantly, prognosis. Among the new technologies, quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has demonstrated promise for histopathology…

Renal pathology, as the gold standard of kidney disease diagnosis, requires doctors to analyze a series of tissue slices stained by H&E staining and special staining like Masson, PASM, and PAS, respectively. These special staining methods…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-19 Tao Ma , Chao Zhang , Min Lu , Lin Luo

Histopathology tissue samples are widely available in two states: paraffin-embedded unstained and non-paraffin-embedded stained whole slide RGB images (WSRI). Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) is one of the principal stains in histology but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Aman Rana , Gregory Yauney , Alarice Lowe , Pratik Shah

Two-Photon Microscopy (TPM) can provide three-dimensional morphological and functional contrast in vivo. Through proper staining, TPM can be utilized to create virtual, H&E equivalent images and thus can improve throughput in…