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Recent advances in AudioLLMs have enabled spoken dialogue systems to move beyond turn-based interaction toward real-time full-duplex communication, where the agent must decide when to speak, yield, or interrupt while the user is still…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to improve human efficiency through conversational interactions. Conventional LLM-powered dialogue systems, operating on a turn-based paradigm, preclude real-time interaction during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Wang Xu , Shuo Wang , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Yukun Yan , Yudi Zhang , Zhe Tao , Zhiyuan Liu , Wanxiang Che

While full-duplex speech agents enable natural, low-latency interaction by speaking and listening simultaneously, their consistency and task performance in multi-turn settings remain underexplored. We introduce Full-Duplex-Bench-v2…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Guan-Ting Lin , Shih-Yun Shan Kuan , Jiatong Shi , Kai-Wei Chang , Siddhant Arora , Shinji Watanabe , Hung-yi Lee

As the paradigm of AI shifts from text-based LLMs to Speech Language Models (SLMs), there is a growing demand for full-duplex systems capable of real-time, natural human-computer interaction. However, the development of such models is…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Kyudan Jung , Jihwan Kim , Soyoon Kim , Jeonghoon Kim , Jaegul Choo , Cheonbok Park

We present a generative dialogue system capable of operating in a full-duplex manner, allowing for seamless interaction. It is based on a large language model (LLM) carefully aligned to be aware of a perception module, a motor function…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Peng Wang , Songshuo Lu , Yaohua Tang , Sijie Yan , Wei Xia , Yuanjun Xiong

Human interaction is inherently multimodal and full-duplex: we listen while watching, speak while acting, and fluidly adapt to turn-taking and interruptions. Realizing these capabilities is essential for building models simulating humans.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Siyin Wang , Wenyi Yu , Xianzhao Chen , Xiaohai Tian , Jun Zhang , Lu Lu , Chao Zhang

Full-duplex spoken dialogue models (SDMs) can listen and speak simultaneously, enabling interaction dynamics closer to human conversation than turn-based systems. Inspired by neural coupling in human communication, we study how such models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Pablo Riera , Pablo Brusco , Cristina Kuo , Marcelo Sancinetti , S. R. K. Branavan

Most end-to-end (E2E) spoken dialogue systems (SDS) rely on voice activity detection (VAD) for turn-taking, but VAD fails to distinguish between pauses and turn completions. Duplex SDS models address this by predicting output continuously,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Siddhant Arora , Jinchuan Tian , Hayato Futami , Jiatong Shi , Yosuke Kashiwagi , Emiru Tsunoo , Shinji Watanabe

Recent advances in spoken dialogue systems have brought increased attention to human-like full-duplex voice interactions. However, our comprehensive review of this field reveals several challenges, including the difficulty in obtaining…

Recent advances in text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis, particularly those leveraging large language models (LLMs), have significantly improved expressiveness and naturalness. However, generating human-like, interactive dialogue speech remains…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-28 Hanke Xie , Dake Guo , Chengyou Wang , Yue Li , Wenjie Tian , Xinfa Zhu , Xinsheng Wang , Xiulin Li , Guanqiong Miao , Bo Liu , Lei Xie

Medical consultations are intrinsically speech-centric. However, most prior works focus on long-text-based interactions, which are cumbersome and patient-unfriendly. Recent advances in speech language models (SpeechLMs) have enabled more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sirry Chen , Jieyi Wang , Wei Chen , Zhongyu Wei

Speech-to-speech translation is a typical sequence-to-sequence learning task that naturally has two directions. How to effectively leverage bidirectional supervision signals to produce high-fidelity audio for both directions? Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Xianchao Wu

Full-duplex spoken dialogue systems can model natural conversational behaviours such as interruptions, overlaps, and backchannels, yet such systems remain largely unexplored for Indian languages. We present the first open, reproducible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bhaskar Singh , Shobhit Banga , Mahima Manik , Pranav Sharma

While the English virtual assistants have achieved exciting performance with an enormous amount of training resources, the needs of non-English-speakers have not been satisfied well. Up to Dec 2021, Alexa, one of the most popular smart…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Michael Sun , Kaili Huang , Mehrad Moradshahi

Full-Duplex Speech-to-Speech Large Language Models (LLMs) are foundational to natural human-computer interaction, enabling real-time spoken dialogue systems. However, benchmarking and modeling these models remains a fundamental challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yuan Ge , Saihan Chen , Jingqi Xiao , Xiaoqian Liu , Tong Xiao , Yan Xiang , Zhengtao Yu , Jingbo Zhu

Full-duplex speech interaction, as the most natural and intuitive mode of human communication, is driving artificial intelligence toward more human-like conversational systems. Traditional cascaded speech processing pipelines suffer from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yadong Li , Guoxin Wu , Haiping Hou , Biye Li

Speech-to-speech models handle turn-taking naturally but offer limited support for tool-calling or complex reasoning, while production ASR-LLM-TTS voice pipelines offer these capabilities but rely on silence timeouts, which lead to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Shangeth Rajaa

Real-time voice assistants must revise task state when users interrupt mid-response, but existing spoken-dialog benchmarks largely evaluate turn-based interaction and miss this failure mode. We introduce EchoChain, a controlled benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Smit Nautambhai Modi , Gandharv Mahajan , Marc Wetter , Randall Welles

Full-Duplex Speech Language Models (FD-SLMs) are specialized foundation models designed to enable natural, real-time spoken interactions by modeling complex conversational turn-taking such as interruptions, backchannels, and overlapping…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Wenqian Cui , Lei Zhu , Xiaohui Li , Zhihan Guo , Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Irwin King

Full-duplex dialog models aim to listen and speak simultaneously, delivering rapid responses to dynamic user input. Among different solutions to full-duplexity, a native solution merges multiple channels in each time step, achieving the…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yiqun Yao , Xiang Li , Xin Jiang , Xuezhi Fang , Naitong Yu , Wenjia Ma , Aixin Sun , Yequan Wang