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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved great success in many domains, and game AI is widely regarded as its beachhead since the dawn of AI. In recent years, studies on game AI have gradually evolved from relatively simple environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Junjie Li , Sotetsu Koyamada , Qiwei Ye , Guoqing Liu , Chao Wang , Ruihan Yang , Li Zhao , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu , Hsiao-Wuen Hon

Deep Reinforcement Learning can play a key role in addressing sustainable energy challenges. For instance, many grid systems are heavily congested, highlighting the urgent need to enhance operational efficiency. However, reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Koen Ponse , Jan Felix Kleuker , Aske Plaat , Thomas Moerland

We propose Pgx, a suite of board game reinforcement learning (RL) environments written in JAX and optimized for GPU/TPU accelerators. By leveraging JAX's auto-vectorization and parallelization over accelerators, Pgx can efficiently scale to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Sotetsu Koyamada , Shinri Okano , Soichiro Nishimori , Yu Murata , Keigo Habara , Haruka Kita , Shin Ishii

As Deep Reinforcement Learning (Deep RL) research moves towards solving large-scale worlds, efficient environment simulations become crucial for rapid experimentation. However, most existing environments struggle to scale to high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Eduardo Pignatelli , Jarek Liesen , Robert Tjarko Lange , Chris Lu , Pablo Samuel Castro , Laura Toni

Open-source reinforcement learning (RL) environments have played a crucial role in driving progress in the development of AI algorithms. In modern RL research, there is a need for simulated environments that are performant, scalable, and…

Reinforcement learning (RL) research requires diverse, challenging environments that are both tractable and scalable. While modern video games may offer rich dynamics, they are computationally expensive and poorly suited for large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Waris Radji , Thomas Michel , Hector Piteau

The design of environments plays a critical role in shaping the development and evaluation of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms. While existing benchmarks highlight critical challenges, they often lack the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hayeong Lee , JunHyeok Oh , Byung-Jun Lee

Reinforcement learning has been demonstrated to outperform even the best humans in complex domains like video games. However, running reinforcement learning experiments on the required scale for autonomous driving is extremely difficult.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Moritz Harmel , Anubhav Paras , Andreas Pasternak , Nicholas Roy , Gary Linscott

Mahjong is a popular multi-player imperfect-information game developed in China in the late 19th-century, with some very challenging features for AI research. Sanma, being a 3-player variant of the Japanese Riichi Mahjong, possesses unique…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Xiangyu Zhao , Sean B. Holden

Benchmarks are crucial in the development of machine learning algorithms, with available environments significantly influencing reinforcement learning (RL) research. Traditionally, RL environments run on the CPU, which limits their…

Sequential social dilemmas pose a significant challenge in the field of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), requiring environments that accurately reflect the tension between individual and collective interests. Previous benchmarks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zihao Guo , Shuqing Shi , Richard Willis , Tristan Tomilin , Joel Z. Leibo , Yali Du

Artificial intelligence methods are increasingly being explored for managing wildfires and other natural hazards. In particular, reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising path towards improving outcomes in such uncertain decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ufuk Çakır , Victor-Alexandru Darvariu , Bruno Lacerda , Nick Hawes

Penetration testing, the practice of simulating cyberattacks to identify vulnerabilities, is a complex sequential decision-making task that is inherently partially observable and features large action spaces. Training reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Raphael Simon , José Carrasquel , Wim Mees , Pieter Libin

Value iteration can find the optimal replenishment policy for a perishable inventory problem, but is computationally demanding due to the large state spaces that are required to represent the age profile of stock. The parallel processing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Joseph Farrington , Kezhi Li , Wai Keong Wong , Martin Utley

We introduce a real-time strategy game environment based on Generals.io, a game with thousands of weekly active players. Our environment is fully compatible with Gymnasium and PettingZoo and is capable of running thousands of frames per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Matej Straka , Martin Schmid

We introduce PuzzleJAX, a GPU-accelerated puzzle game engine and description language designed to support rapid benchmarking of tree search, reinforcement learning, and LLM reasoning abilities. Unlike existing GPU-accelerated learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sam Earle , Graham Todd , Yuchen Li , Ahmed Khalifa , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Zehua Jiang , Andrzej Banburski-Fahey , Julian Togelius

Financial exchanges across the world use limit order books (LOBs) to process orders and match trades. For research purposes it is important to have large scale efficient simulators of LOB dynamics. LOB simulators have previously been…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-08-28 Sascha Frey , Kang Li , Peer Nagy , Silvia Sapora , Chris Lu , Stefan Zohren , Jakob Foerster , Anisoara Calinescu

People need to internalize the skills of AI agents to improve their own capabilities. Our paper focuses on Mahjong, a multiplayer game involving imperfect information and requiring effective long-term decision-making amidst randomness and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yongyi Wang , Qifan Zheng , Wenxin Li

We present a feasibility-seeking approach to neural network training. This mathematical optimization framework is distinct from conventional gradient-based loss minimization and uses projection operators and iterative projection algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Andreas Bergmeister , Manish Krishan Lal , Stefanie Jegelka , Suvrit Sra

Federated learning is a machine learning technique that enables training across decentralized data. Recently, federated learning has become an active area of research due to an increased focus on privacy and security. In light of this, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Jae Hun Ro , Ananda Theertha Suresh , Ke Wu
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