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Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Massimiliano Pronesti , Anya Belz , Yufang Hou

Nash equilibrium serves as a fundamental mathematical tool in economics and game theory. However, it classically assumes knowledge of player utilities, whereas economics generally regards preferences as more fundamental. To leverage…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ian Gemp , Crystal Qian , Marc Lanctot , Kate Larson

A noncooperative differential (dynamic) game model of opinion dynamics is proposed. In this game, the agents' motives are shaped by their expectations of the nature of others' opinions as well as how susceptible they are to get influenced…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-25 Muhammad Umar B. Niazi , Arif Bülent Özgüler

We introduce LLM CHESS, an evaluation framework designed to probe the generalization of reasoning and instruction-following abilities in large language models (LLMs) through extended agentic interaction in the domain of chess. We rank over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sai Kolasani , Maxim Saplin , Nicholas Crispino , Kyle Montgomery , Jared Quincy Davis , Matei Zaharia , Chi Wang , Chenguang Wang

Existing studies on bias mitigation methods for large language models (LLMs) use diverse baselines and metrics to evaluate debiasing performance, leading to inconsistent comparisons among them. Moreover, their evaluations are mostly based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xin Xu , Xunzhi He , Churan Zhi , Ruizhe Chen , Julian McAuley , Zexue He

A model of stochastic games where multiple controllers jointly control the evolution of the state of a dynamic system but have access to different information about the state and action processes is considered. The asymmetry of information…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-09-18 Ashutosh Nayyar , Abhishek Gupta , Cédric Langbort , Tamer Başar

Game theory is a very profound study on distributed decision-making behavior and has been extensively developed by many scholars. However, many existing works rely on certain strict assumptions such as knowing the opponent's private…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Kuo Chun Tsai , Zhu Han

Reinforcement learning has been shown to be an effective strategy for automatically training policies for challenging control problems. Focusing on non-cooperative multi-agent systems, we propose a novel reinforcement learning framework for…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Kishor Jothimurugan , Suguman Bansal , Osbert Bastani , Rajeev Alur

This work proposes a novel distributed approach for computing a Nash equilibrium in convex games with merely monotone and restricted strongly monotone pseudo-gradients. By leveraging the idea of the centralized operator extrapolation method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Tatiana Tatarenko , Angelia Nedich

This work proposes a novel set of techniques for approximating a Nash equilibrium in a finite, normal-form game. It achieves this by constructing a new reformulation as solving a parameterized system of multivariate polynomials with tunable…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Ian Gemp

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to achieve remarkable reasoning in domains like mathematics and coding, where verifiable rewards provide clear signals. However, extending this paradigm to financial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Rui Sun , Yifan Sun , Sheng Xu , Li Zhao , Jing Li , Daxin Jiang , Cheng Hua , Zuo Bai

Robust perception and reasoning require consistency across sensory modalities. Yet current multimodal models often violate this principle, yielding contradictory predictions for visual and textual representations of the same concept. Rather…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zirui Zhang , Haoyu Dong , Kexin Pei , Chengzhi Mao

We derive the rate of convergence to the strongly variationally stable Nash equilibrium in a convex game, for a zeroth-order learning algorithm. Though we do not assume strong monotonicity of the game, our rates for the one-point feedback…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Tatiana Tatarenko , Maryam Kamgarpour

A fundamental shortcoming of the concept of Nash equilibrium is its computational intractability: approximating Nash equilibria in normal-form games is PPAD-hard. In this paper, inspired by the ideas of smoothed analysis, we introduce a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Constantinos Daskalakis , Noah Golowich , Nika Haghtalab , Abhishek Shetty

Uncertainty quantification is essential for assessing the reliability and trustworthiness of modern AI systems. Among existing approaches, verbalized uncertainty, where models express their confidence through natural language, has emerged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have achieved strong results in complex reasoning, but are bottlenecked by costly process-level supervision. A widely used alternative, Monte Carlo Estimation (MCE), defines process rewards as the probability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bin Xie , Bingbing Xu , Xueyun Tian , Yilin Chen , Huawei Shen

Significant progress has been made in automatic text evaluation with the introduction of large language models (LLMs) as evaluators. However, current sample-wise evaluation paradigm suffers from the following issues: (1) Sensitive to prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Peiwen Yuan , Shaoxiong Feng , Yiwei Li , Xinglin Wang , Boyuan Pan , Heda Wang , Kan Li

Large language models (LLMs) have shown tremendous success in following user instructions and generating helpful responses. Nevertheless, their robustness is still far from optimal, as they may generate significantly inconsistent responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Chong Meng , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in complex visual understanding across scientific and reasoning tasks. While performance benchmarking has advanced our understanding of these capabilities, the critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Asif Azad , Mohammad Sadat Hossain , MD Sadik Hossain Shanto , M Saifur Rahman , Md Rizwan Parvez

This work proposes a novel distributed approach for computing a Nash equilibrium in convex games with restricted strongly monotone pseudo-gradients. By leveraging the idea of the centralized operator extrapolation method presented in [4] to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-25 Tatiana Tatarenko , Angelia Nedich
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