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This paper investigates equilibrium points and stability in two synchronous machine configurations: (i) a single generator with an impedance load and (ii) two interconnected machines with co-located loads. We consider both abc and dq…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-07 Maryam Khodabakhshloo , Elizabeth L. Ratnam , Ian R. Petersen

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

Analyzing the stability of the power system by using a few machines is promising for transient stability assessment. A hybrid direct-time-domain method that is fully based on the thinking of partial energy function is proposed in this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-11-15 Songyan Wang , Jilai Yu , Wei Zhang

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

The paper proposes a novel general definition of coherency among power system devices of any type. The proposed approach is thus not limited to synchronous machines. With this aim, the paper shows that coherency can be formally based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-05 Ignacio Ponce , Rodrigo Bernal , Federico Milano

The output impedance matrices of three-phase grid-connected voltage source converters (VSCs) are widely used in power system stability analysis. Regardless of how the impedance is modeled, there always exist coupling terms in the impedance…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-04-04 Huanhai Xin , Ziheng Li , Wei Dong , Zhen Wang , Leiqi Zhang

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

This paper addresses stability issues of DC networks with constant power loads (CPL). Common DC networks, such as automotive electrical systems and DC microgrids, typically have a step-up/down converter connected in one side to the main bus…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-03-31 Gustavo Cezar , Ram Rajagopal , Baosen Zhang

For power grids predominantly featuring large synchronous generators (SGs), there exists a significant body of work bridging optimization and control tasks. A generic workflow in such efforts entails: characterizing the steady state of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-13 Manish K. Singh , D. Venkatramanan , Sairaj Dhople

We propose a decentralized framework to analytically guarantee the small-signal stability of future power systems with grid-forming converters. Our approach leverages dynamic loop-shifting techniques to compensate for the lack of passivity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler , Steven Low

Proper modeling of inverter-based microgrids is crucial for accurate assessment of stability boundaries. It has been recently realized that the stability conditions for such microgrids are significantly different from those known for large-…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Petr Vorobev , Po-Hsu Huang , Mohamed Al Hosani , James L. Kirtley , Konstantin Turitsyn

Transient stability is crucial to the reliable operation of power systems. Existing theories rely on the simplified electromechanical models, substituting the detailed electromagnetic dynamics of inductor and capacitor with their impedance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-17 Xinyuan Jiang , Constantino M. Lagoa , Yan Li

Inverter-based microgrids are an important technology for sustainable electrical power systems and typically use droop-controlled grid-forming inverters to interface distributed energy resources to the network and control the voltage and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-12 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy Watson , Ioannis Lestas

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Chao Duan , Pratyush Chakraborty , Takashi Nishikawa , Adilson E. Motter

The electrical power network is gradually migrating from a centralized generation approach to a decentralized generation with high shares of renewable energy sources (RES). However, power systems with low shares of synchronous generation…

The increasing penetration of converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) intensifies concerns over small-signal voltage and synchronization stability. While existing theories treat these two stability issues distinctly, practical wisdom in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-14 Fuyilong Ma , Lidong Zhang , Wangqianyun Tang , Waisheng Zheng , Huanhai Xin , Linbin Huang , Lennart Harnefors

We consider a grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) and address the problem of estimating the grid angle and frequency, information that is essential for an appropriate operation of the converter. We design phase-locked loop (PLL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Daniele Zonetti , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Marc Cheah-Mane

Synchronization is essential for proper functioning of the power grid. We investigate the synchronous state and its stability for a network with a cyclic topology and with the evolution of the states satisfying the swing equations. We…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2017-09-13 Kaihua Xi , Johan. L. A. Dubbeldam , Haixiang Lin

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler