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Online feedback optimization (OFO) is an emerging control methodology for real-time optimal steady-state control of complex dynamical systems. This tutorial focuses on the application of OFO for the autonomous operation of large-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-25 Giuseppe Belgioioso , Saverio Bolognani , Giulia Pejrani , Florian Dörfler

Load frequency control (LFC) is a key factor to maintain the stable frequency in multi-area power systems. As the modern power systems evolve from centralized to distributed paradigm, LFC needs to consider the peer-to-peer (P2P) based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-27 Kyung-bin Kwon , Sayak Mukherjee , Hao Zhu , Thanh Long Vu

We address a challenge of active flow control: the optimization of many actuation parameters guaranteeing fast convergence and avoiding suboptimal local minima. This challenge is addressed by a new optimizer, called explorative gradient…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-11-02 Yiqing Li , Wenshi Cui , Qing Jia , Qiliang Li , Zhigang Yang , Marek Morzyński , Bernd R. Noack

This work establishes the equivalence of selected grid-forming control algorithms within the context of simplified theoretical models. Considered algorithms are droop control, Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) and matching control. It is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-01 Aidar Zhetessov

This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-13 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

In the course of the energy transition, the expansion of generation and consumption will change, and many of these technologies, such as PV systems, electric cars and heat pumps, will influence the power flow, especially in the distribution…

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

With the growing integration of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in Multi-Terminal Direct Current (MTDC) transmission systems, there is an increasing need for control strategies that ensure both economic efficiency and robust dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-07 Hongjin Du , Tuanku Badzlin Hashfi , Rashmi Prasad , Pedro P. Vergara , Peter Palensky , Aleksandra Lekić

High renewable penetration has significantly reduced system inertia in modern power grids, increasing the need for fast frequency response (FFR) from distributed and non-traditional resources. While electric vehicles (EVs), data centers,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

TThe rapid expansion of inverter-based resources, such as wind and solar power plants, will significantly diminish the presence of conventional synchronous generators in fu-ture power grids with rich renewable energy sources. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Distributed multi-controller deployment is a promising method to achieve a scalable and reliable control plane of Software-Defined Networking (SDN). However, it brings a new challenge for balancing loads on the distributed controllers as…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-01-29 Tao Hu , Julong Lan , Jianhui Zhang , Wei Zhao

We analyze a dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control for power systems containing ac and dc transmission, converter-interfaced generation and energy storage, and legacy generation. To operate such a system and provide standard services,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Irina Subotić , and Dominic Groß

To cope with fast-fluctuating distributed energy resources (DERs) and uncontrolled loads, this paper formulates a time-varying optimization problem for distribution grids with DERs and develops a novel non-iterative algorithm to track the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 J. Wu , M. Liu , W. Lu , K. Xie , M. Xie

We present a method for finding optimal controllers for unknown, time-varying, dynamic systems which can be re-initialized from a given initial condition repeatedly, in which the performance measure is available for sampling with noise, but…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-16 Alexander Scheinker , David Scheinker

We study in this paper the problem of iterative feedback gains tuning for a class of nonlinear systems. We consider Input-Output linearizable nonlinear systems with additive uncertainties. We first design a nominal Input-Output…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Mouhacine Benosman

This study proposes a control strategy to ensure the safe operation of modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) within an optimal operation framework. The objective is to obtain operating points that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Francesca Rossi , Juan Carlos Olives-Camps , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

As the energy transition transforms power grids across the globe, it poses several challenges regarding grid design and control. In particular, high levels of intermittent renewable generation complicate the task of continuously balancing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Randall Martyr , Benjamin Schaefer , Christian Beck , Vito Latora

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

This paper presents a static event-triggered control strategy for multivariable Newton-based extremum seeking. The proposed method integrates event-triggered actuation into the Newton-based optimization framework to reduce control updates…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-22 Victor Hugo Pereira Rodrigues , Tiago Roux Oliveira , Miroslav Krstic , Paulo Tabuada

Modern low-carbon power systems come with many challenges, such as increased inverter penetration and increased uncertainty from renewable sources and loads. In this context, the microgrid concept is a promising approach, which is based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 E. D. Gomez Anccas , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz