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Modern vision generators transport a base distribution to data through time-indexed measures, implemented as deterministic flows (ODEs) or stochastic diffusions (SDEs). Despite strong empirical performance, standard flow-matching objectives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Chika Maduabuchi

The paper proposes a novel Economic Model Predictive Control (EMPC) scheme for Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) to simultaneously address path following accuracy and energy constraints under environmental disturbances. By formulating…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Zhongqi Deng , Yuan Wang , Jian Huang , Hui Zhang , Yaonan Wang

Virtual oscillator control is the latest control technique for grid-forming inverters. Virtual Oscillator based Controllers (VOCs) provide all the steady-state droop functionalities of conventional droop controllers and, in addition, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-07 Ritwik Ghosh , Narsa Reddy Tummuru , Bharat Singh Rajpuohit

Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

With the increasing penetration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), power system stability constraints must be incorporated into the operational framework, transforming it into stability-constrained optimization. Currently, there exist…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-19 Wangkun Xu , Zhongda Chu , Florin Capitanescu , Fei Teng

Real-world control systems require policies that are not only high-performing but also interpretable and robust. A promising direction toward this goal is model-based control, which learns system dynamics and cost functions from historical…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Yuexin Bian , Jie Feng , Yuanyuan Shi

To stabilize the frequency of the renewable energy sources (RESs) dominated power system, frequency supports are required by RESs through virtual inertia emulation or droop control in the newly published grid codes. Since the long-term RES…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-14 Yukang Shen , Wenchuan Wu , Shumin Sun , Bin Wang

This paper presents an extremum seeking control (ESC) method for cooling tower fans to minimize overall power consumption of a chilled water plant system. Simulation studies across different climate locations demonstrate energy savings of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-18 Min Gyung Yu , Alex Vlachokostas , Karthik Devaprasad , Matt Cornachione , Stephanie Johnson , Tim A. Yoder , Timothy I. Salsbury

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can significantly alter the fault characteristics of power systems, which challenges the proper function of protective relays. This paper gives a holistic analysis of the interaction between GFM inverter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

In modern rail transportation, energy-efficient train control (EETC) is concerned with the optimal train speed trajectory or control strategies to achieve the minimum energy cost under various operation and traction constraints. This paper…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-27 Minling Feng , Kunpeng Wu , Shaofeng Lu

Implementing frequency response using grid-connected inverters is one of the popular proposed alternatives to mitigate the dynamic degradation experienced in low inertia power systems. However, such solution faces several challenges as…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

This paper presents the experimental validation of a grid-aware real-time control method for hybrid AC/DC microgrids. The optimal control is leveraged by the voltage sensitivity coefficients (SC) that are computed analytically using the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-02 Willem Lambrichts , Jules Mace , Mario Paolone

Battery energy storage systems are increasingly deployed as fast-responding resources for grid balancing services such as frequency regulation and for mitigating renewable generation uncertainty. However, repeated charging and discharging…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-10 Tanay Raghunandan Srinivasa , Vivek Deulkar , Jia Bhargava , Mohammad Hajiesmaili , Prashant Shenoy

This paper presents an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) and a linear quadratic tracking (LQT) method for optimal power-split control of combustion engine and electric machine in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-07 Maryam Razi , Nikolce Murgovski , Tomas McKelvey , Torsten Wik

This paper bridges optimization and control, and presents a novel closed-loop control framework based on natural gradient descent, offering a trajectory-oriented alternative to traditional cost-function tuning. By leveraging the Fisher…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Ramin Esmzad , Farnaz Adib Yaghmaie , Hamidreza Modares

A multi-input multi-output based grid-forming (MIMO-GFM) converter has been proposed using multivariable feedback control, which has been proven as a superior and robust system using low-order controllers. However, the original MIMO-GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Frede Blaabjerg

The frequency droop response of conventional turbine driven synchronous generators with respect to load increases is normally used in order to have stable operating characteristics for multiple generators operating in parallel over large…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-09-11 Kirsch N. Mackey , Roy A. McCann

In recent years, virtual oscillator control, particularly the Andronov-Hopf oscillator (AHO), has received widespread attention for controlling grid-forming (GFM) inverters due to their superior dynamic response. However, traditional AHO…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Hamed Rezazadeh , Mohammad Monfared , Meghdad Fazeli , Saeed Golestan

This paper proposes dynamic stability and performance conditions for grid-connected inverter-based resources (IBRs). To this end, we extend the notion of steady-state droop coefficients to dynamic droop coefficients to capture the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-07 Jennifer T. Bui , Dominic Groß

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) are capable of emulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through the careful design of the control loops. However, the current limiter in the control loops of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Yanshu Niu , Zhe Yang , Bikash C. Pal