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Automated code vulnerability detection is critical for software security, yet existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off between detection accuracy and computational cost. We propose a heterogeneous multi-agent architecture inspired…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

Software testing has progressed toward intelligent automation, yet current AI-based test generators still suffer from static, single-shot outputs that frequently produce invalid, redundant, or non-executable tests due to the lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Saba Naqvi , Mohammad Baqar , Nawaz Ali Mohammad

Although most reinforcement learning research has centered on competitive games, little work has been done on applying it to co-operative multiplayer games or text-based games. Codenames is a board game that involves both asymmetric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Sherman Siu

To unleash the full potential of AI for Science, we must untether the agents from a purely digital environment. The agent's ability to control and explore in real-world labs is essential because the physical lab remains foundational to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Zhenning Yang , Yuhan Chen , Patrick Tser Jern Kon , Tongyuan Miao , Hongyi Lin , Venkat Viswanathan , Danai Koutra , Ang Chen

Evaluating the general abilities of intelligent agents requires complex simulation environments. Existing benchmarks typically evaluate only one narrow task per environment, requiring researchers to perform expensive training runs on many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Danijar Hafner

Reinforcement learning agents in complex game environments often suffer from sparse rewards, training instability, and poor sample efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid training approach that combines offline imitation learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thomas Ackermann , Moritz Spang , Hamza A. A. Gardi

Simulated environments have proven invaluable in Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) where Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents can be trained without the computational overhead of emulation. These environments must accurately represent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Konur Tholl , Mariam El Mezouar , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-06-24 Marc G. Bellemare , Yavar Naddaf , Joel Veness , Michael Bowling

Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) is one of the most played game genres nowadays. With the increasing growth of this genre, it becomes necessary to develop effective intelligent agents to play alongside or against human players. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-12 Victor do Nascimento Silva , Luiz Chaimowicz

MOBA games, e.g., Dota2 and Honor of Kings, have been actively used as the testbed for the recent AI research on games, and various AI systems have been developed at the human level so far. However, these AI systems mainly focus on how to…

Video-game projects are notorious for having day-one bugs, no matter how big their budget or team size. The quality of a game is essential for its success. This quality could be assessed and ensured through testing. However, to the best of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Cristiano Politowski , Fabio Petrillo , Yann-Gäel Guéhéneuc

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made substantial strides in addressing the distributed decision-making challenges. However, as multi-agent systems grow in complexity, gaining a comprehensive understanding of their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Wiem Khlifi , Siddarth Singh , Omayma Mahjoub , Ruan de Kock , Abidine Vall , Rihab Gorsane , Arnu Pretorius

Software development is a cognitively intensive process requiring multitasking, adherence to evolving workflows, and continuous learning. With the rise of large language model (LLM)-based tools, such as conversational agents (CAs), there is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Glaucia Melo , Paulo Alencar , Donald Cowan

Learning how to adapt to complex and dynamic environments is one of the most important factors that contribute to our intelligence. Endowing artificial agents with this ability is not a simple task, particularly in competitive scenarios. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Pablo Barros , Ana Tanevska , Alessandra Sciutti

Assisting non-expert users to develop complex interactive websites has become a popular task for LLM-powered code agents. However, existing code agents tend to only generate frontend web pages, masking the lack of real full-stack data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zimu Lu , Houxing Ren , Yunqiao Yang , Ke Wang , Zhuofan Zong , Mingjie Zhan , Hongsheng Li

Text-based games are a popular testbed for language-based reinforcement learning (RL). In previous work, deep Q-learning is commonly used as the learning agent. Q-learning algorithms are challenging to apply to complex real-world domains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Weichen Li , Rati Devidze , Sophie Fellenz

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated with specialized external tools, yet many tasks demand zero-shot tool usage with minimal or noisy documentation. Existing solutions rely on manual rewriting or labeled data for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Wei Fang , Yang Zhang , Kaizhi Qian , James Glass , Yada Zhu

Deep reinforcement learning has learned to play many games well, but failed on others. To better characterize the modes and reasons of failure of deep reinforcement learners, we test the widely used Asynchronous Actor-Critic (A2C) algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Philip Bontrager , Ahmed Khalifa , Damien Anderson , Matthew Stephenson , Christoph Salge , Julian Togelius

The question of how an effective and efficient communication system can emerge in a population of agents that need to solve a particular task attracts more and more attention from researchers in many fields, including artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Jens Nevens , Paul Van Eecke , Katrien Beuls

As AI systems gain increasing autonomy and execution capability, the number of discovered security vulnerabilities continues to rise. However, many of these vulnerabilities are not fundamentally novel, but instead reflect recurring classes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kevin Eykholt , Dhilung Kirat , Xiaokui Shu , Jiyong Jang , Frederico Araujo , Ian Molloy