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When a model produces a correct solution under reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), every token receives the same reward signal regardless of whether it was a decisive reasoning step or a grammatical filler. A natural fix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ahmed Heakl , Abdelrahman M. Shaker , Youssef Mohamed , Rania Elbadry , Omar Fetouh , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Salman Khan

Knowledge distillation usually transfers the knowledge from a pre-trained cumbersome teacher network to a compact student network, which follows the classical teacher-teaching-student paradigm. Based on this paradigm, previous methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Zheng Li , Xiang Li , Lingfeng Yang , Jian Yang , Zhigeng Pan

Knowledge Distillation (KD) transfers knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student by aligning their predictive distributions. However, conventional KD formulations - typically based on Kullback-Leibler divergence - assume that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Ondrej Tybl , Lukas Neumann

Reward models (RMs) play a pivotal role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Due to the difficulty of obtaining high-quality human preference annotations, distilling preferences from generative LLMs has emerged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hongli Zhou , Hui Huang , Wei Liu , Chenglong Wang , Xingyuan Bu , Lvyuan Han , Fuhai Song , Muyun Yang , Wenhao Jiang , Hailong Cao , Tiejun Zhao

Large language models (LMs) beyond a certain scale, demonstrate the emergent capability of generating free-text rationales for their predictions via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. While CoT can yield dramatically improved performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Peifeng Wang , Zhengyang Wang , Zheng Li , Yifan Gao , Bing Yin , Xiang Ren

Existing methods for distillation do not efficiently utilize the training data. This work presents a novel approach to perform distillation using only a subset of the training data, making it more data-efficient. For this purpose, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Sourav Mishra , Suresh Sundaram

Task-agnostic knowledge distillation, a teacher-student framework, has been proved effective for BERT compression. Although achieving promising results on NLP tasks, it requires enormous computational resources. In this paper, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Cheng Chen , Yichun Yin , Lifeng Shang , Zhi Wang , Xin Jiang , Xiao Chen , Qun Liu

Recent advancements in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) have significantly improved translation quality. However, the increasing size and complexity of state-of-the-art models present significant challenges for deployment on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xuewen Zhang , Haixiao Zhang , Xinlong Huang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit varying levels of confidence across input prompts (questions): some lead to consistent, semantically similar answers, while others yield diverse or contradictory outputs. This variation reflects LLM's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Minghan Chen , Guikun Chen , Wenguan Wang , Yi Yang

Knowledge distillation is a powerful method for model compression, enabling the efficient deployment of complex deep learning models (teachers), including large language models. However, its underlying statistical mechanisms remain unclear,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-28 Luyang Fang , Yongkai Chen , Jiazhang Cai , Ping Ma , Wenxuan Zhong

Safe Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims to find a policy that achieves high rewards while satisfying cost constraints. When learning from scratch, safe RL agents tend to be overly conservative, which impedes exploration and restrains the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jinning Li , Xinyi Liu , Banghua Zhu , Jiantao Jiao , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Chen Tang , Wei Zhan

Organizing large-scale patent corpora according to classification schemes is a core information management task that determines the accuracy and efficiency of prior art retrieval, technology knowledge discovery, and intellectual property…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yongmin Yoo , Xu Zhang , Longbing Cao

Large language models (LLMs) offer impressive performance but are impractical for resource-constrained deployment due to high latency and energy consumption. Knowledge distillation (KD) addresses this by transferring knowledge from a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Seongryong Jung , Suwan Yoon , DongGeon Kim , Hwanhee Lee

Self-Distillation is a special type of knowledge distillation where the student model has the same architecture as the teacher model. Despite using the same architecture and the same training data, self-distillation has been empirically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Divyansh Pareek , Simon S. Du , Sewoong Oh

The knowledge distillation uses a high-performance teacher network to guide the student network. However, the performance gap between the teacher and student networks can affect the student's training. This paper proposes a novel knowledge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Songling Zhu , Ronghua Shang , Bo Yuan , Weitong Zhang , Yangyang Li , Licheng Jiao

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become an effective paradigm for improving the reasoning ability of large language models. However, widely used RLVR algorithms, such as GRPO, often suffer from entropy collapse,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Huimin Xu , Shuai Zhao , Xiaobao Wu , Anh Tuan Luu

Self-distillation enables language models to learn on-policy from their own trajectories by using the same model as both student and teacher, with the teacher being conditioned on privileged information unavailable to the student. Such…

The deployment and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) is hindered by their memory inefficiency, computational demands, and the high costs of API inferences. Traditional distillation methods, which transfer the capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yifei Zhang , Bo Pan , Chen Ling , Yuntong Hu , Liang Zhao

Knowledge distillation is initially introduced to utilize additional supervision from a single teacher model for the student model training. To boost the student performance, some recent variants attempt to exploit diverse knowledge sources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Hailin Zhang , Defang Chen , Can Wang

Chain-of-thought distillation is a powerful technique for transferring reasoning abilities from large language models (LLMs) to smaller student models. Previous methods typically require the student to mimic the step-by-step rationale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Kaituo Feng , Changsheng Li , Xiaolu Zhang , Jun Zhou , Ye Yuan , Guoren Wang