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Qubit mapping/routing is a critical stage in compilation for both near-term and fault-tolerant quantum computers, yet existing scalable methods typically impose several times the routing overhead in terms of circuit depth or duration. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Zhaohui Yang , Kai Zhang , Xinyang Tian , Xiangyu Ren , Yingjian Liu , Yunfeng Li , Dawei Ding , Jianxin Chen , Yuan Xie

Quantum networks enable a number of important applications such as quantum key distribution. The basic function of a quantum network is to enable long-distance quantum entanglement between two remote communication parties. This work focuses…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Shouqian Shi , Chen Qian

In the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, limited qubit counts and high gate error rates directly constrain circuit fidelity, making the minimization of CNOT gate counts crucial. While conventional compilers prioritize heuristic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Kazuma Watanabe , Hideaki Kawaguchi , Shin Nishio , Takahiko satoh

The vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) is a common optimization problem faced within the logistics industry. In this work, we explore the use of a previously-introduced qubit encoding scheme to reduce the number of binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Ioannis D. Leonidas , Alexander Dukakis , Benjamin Tan , Dimitris G. Angelakis

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks enable unconditionally secure key exchange using quantum mechanical principles. However, routing cryptographic keys across multi-hop quantum networks introduces challenges unique to quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Ivan Cvitic , Dragan Perakovic , Armando Nolasco Pinto

Reinforcement learning methods typically use Deep Neural Networks to approximate the value functions and policies underlying a Markov Decision Process. Unfortunately, DNN-based RL suffers from a lack of explainability of the resulting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-19 Shambhuraj Sawant , Sebastien Gros

Modular, distributed and multi-core architectures are currently considered a promising approach for scalability of quantum computing systems. The integration of multiple Quantum Processing Units necessitates classical and quantum-coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Enrico Russo , Maurizio Palesi , Davide Patti , Giuseppe Ascia , Vincenzo Catania

Routing in multi-hop wireless networks is a complex problem, especially in heterogeneous networks where multiple wireless communication technologies coexist. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods, such as Q-learning, have been introduced for…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-21 Brian Kim , Justin H. Kong , Terrence J. Moore , Fikadu T. Dagefu

Routing plays an important role in programming noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, where limited connectivity in the register is overcome by swapping quantum information between locations. However, routing a quantum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-14 Ronald J. Sadlier , Travis S. Humble

Quantum algorithm design usually assumes access to a perfect quantum computer with ideal properties like full connectivity, noise-freedom and arbitrarily long coherence time. In Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, however, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-11 Xiangzhen Zhou , Sanjiang Li , Yuan Feng

Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is a practical combinatorial optimization problems that has been studied for several years. Since it is NP-hard, solving large problem instances of QAP is challenging. Although heuristics can find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Satoko Iida , Ryota Yasudo

The Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is an NP-hard fundamental combinatorial optimization problem introduced by Koopmans and Beckmann in 1957. The problem is to assign $n$ facilities to $n$ different locations with the goal of minimizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 Nathan Daly , Thomas Krauss , Julia Shapiro

The Swap gate is a ubiquitous tool for moving information on quantum hardware, yet it can be considered a classical operation because it does not entangle product states. Genuinely quantum operations could outperform Swap for the task of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-02 Aniruddha Bapat , Andrew M. Childs , Alexey V. Gorshkov , Eddie Schoute

The qubit mapping problem (QMP) focuses on the mapping and routing of qubits in quantum circuits so that the strict connectivity constraints imposed by near-term quantum hardware are satisfied. QMP is a pivotal task for quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Yunqi Huang , Xiangzhen Zhou , Fanxu Meng , Sanjiang Li

Quantum computers promise to outperform their classical counterparts at certain tasks. However, existing quantum devices are error-prone and restricted in size. Thus, effective compilation methods are crucial to exploit limited quantum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-17 Moritz Stargalla , Friedrich Wagner

Near-term quantum computers often have connectivity constraints, i.e. restrictions, on which pairs of qubits in the device can interact. Optimally mapping a quantum circuit to a hardware topology under these constraints is a difficult task.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Gurleen Padda , Edwin Tham , Aharon Brodutch , Dave Touchette

How to implement multi-qubit gates efficiently with high precision is essential for realizing universal fault tolerant computing. For a physical system with some external controllable parameters, it is a great challenge to control the time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Zheng An , D. L. Zhou

Quantum hardware development is progressing rapidly with substantial advancements achieved across leading platforms, including superconducting circuits, trapped-ion systems, and neutral atom arrays. As the pursuit of practical quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Chenghong Zhu , Xian Wu , Zhaohui Yang , Jingbo Wang , Anbang Wu , Shenggen Zheng , Xin Wang

Quantum annealing (QA) is a quantum computing algorithm that works on the principle of Adiabatic Quantum Computation (AQC), and it has shown significant computational advantages in solving combinatorial optimization problems such as vehicle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-28 Ramkumar Harikrishnakumar , Saideep Nannapaneni , Nam H. Nguyen , James E. Steck , Elizabeth C. Behrman

We present a dynamic learning paradigm for "programming" a general quantum computer. A learning algorithm is used to find the control parameters for a coupled qubit system, such that the system at an initial time evolves to a state in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-08-12 E. C. Behrman , J. E. Steck , P. Kumar , K. A. Walsh