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The increasing cost of integrated circuit (IC) fabrication has driven most companies to "go fabless" over time. The corresponding outsourcing trend gave rise to various attack vectors, e.g., illegal overproduction of ICs, piracy of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Johann Knechtel , Satwik Patnaik , Ozgur Sinanoglu

Opacity is an important information-flow security property in the analysis of cyber-physical systems. It captures the plausible deniability of the system's secret behavior in the presence of an intruder that may access the information flow.…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Xiang Yin , Majid Zamani

While various obfuscation methods exist in the digital domain, techniques for protecting Intellectual Property (IP) in the analog domain are mostly overlooked. Understandably, analog components have a small footprint as most of the surface…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Muayad J. Aljafar , Florence Azais , Marie-Lise Flottes , Samuel Pagliarini

To counter software reverse engineering or tampering, software obfuscation tools can be used. However, such tools to a large degree hard-code how the obfuscations are deployed. They hence lack resilience and stealth in the face of many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Jens Van den Broeck , Bart Coppens , Bjorn De Sutter

Protecting digital identities of human face from various attack vectors is paramount, and face anti-spoofing plays a crucial role in this endeavor. Current approaches primarily focus on detecting spoofing attempts within individual frames…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Xiang Xu , Tianchen Zhao , Zheng Zhang , Zhihua Li , Jon Wu , Alessandro Achille , Mani Srivastava

Designers use third-party intellectual property (IP) cores and outsource various steps in the integrated circuit (IC) design and manufacturing flow. As a result, security vulnerabilities have been rising. This is forcing IC designers and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Hammond Pearce , Ramesh Karri , Benjamin Tan

Modern circuits face various threats like reverse engineering, theft of intellectual property (IP), side-channel attacks, etc. Here, we present a novel approach for IP protection based on logic encryption (LE). Unlike established schemes…

A massive threat to the modern and complex IC production chain is the use of untrusted off-shore foundries which are able to infringe valuable hardware design IP or to inject hardware Trojans causing severe loss of safety and security.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Sebastian Wallat , Marc Fyrbiak , Moritz Schlögel , Christof Paar

Existing countermeasures for hardware IP protection, such as obfuscation, camouflaging, and redaction, aim to defend against confidentiality and integrity attacks. However, within the current threat model, these techniques overlook the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aritra Dasgupta , Sudipta Paria , Christopher Sozio , Andrew Lukefahr , Swarup Bhunia

We introduce a protection-based IP security scheme to protect soft and firm IP cores which are used on FPGA devices. The scheme is based on Finite State Machin (FSM) obfuscation and exploits Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) for FPGA…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Farzane Khajuyi , Behnam Ghavami , Human Nikmehr

An obfuscator is an algorithm that translates circuits into functionally-equivalent similarly-sized circuits that are hard to understand. Efficient obfuscators would have many applications in cryptography. Until recently, theoretical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-10-11 Gorjan Alagic , Stacey Jeffery , Stephen P. Jordan

Evaluating the effectiveness of software protection is crucial for selecting the most effective methods to safeguard assets within software applications. Obfuscation involves techniques that deliberately modify software to make it more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Leonardo Regano , Daniele Canavese , Cataldo Basile , Marco Torchiano

Aggressive time-to-market constraints and enormous hardware design and fabrication costs have pushed the semiconductor industry toward hardware Intellectual Properties (IP) core design. However, the globalization of the integrated circuits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Rozhin Yasaei , Shih-Yuan Yu , Emad Kasaeyan Naeini , Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque

A digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter is a ubiquitous block in digital signal processing applications and its behavior is determined by its coefficients. To protect filter coefficients from an adversary, efficient obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Levent Aksoy , Quang-Linh Nguyen , Felipe Almeida , Jaan Raik , Marie-Lise Flottes , Sophie Dupuis , Samuel Pagliarini

Integrated circuits (ICs) are essential to modern electronic systems, yet they face significant risks from physical reverse engineering (RE) attacks that compromise intellectual property (IP) and overall system security. While IC camouflage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Junling Fan , David Koblah , Domenic Forte

With the advent of new technologies, using various formats of digital gadgets is becoming widespread. In today's world, where everyday tasks are inevitable without technology, this extensive use of computers paves the way for malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Mohammad Mahdi Maghouli , Mohamadreza Fereydooni , Monireh Abdoos , Mojtaba Vahidi-Asl

A finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a ubiquitous block in digital signal processing applications. Its characteristics are determined by its coefficients, which are the intellectual property (IP) for its designer. However, in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Levent Aksoy , Alexander Hepp , Johanna Baehr , Samuel Pagliarini

Circuit obfuscation is a recently proposed defense mechanism to protect digital integrated circuits (ICs) from reverse engineering by using camouflaged gates i.e., logic gates whose functionality cannot be precisely determined by the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Zhiqian Chen , Gaurav Kolhe , Setareh Rafatirad , Sai Manoj P. D. , Houman Homayoun , Liang Zhao , Chang-Tien Lu

Semiconductor intellectual property (IP) theft incurs hundreds of billions in annual losses, driven by advanced reverse engineering (RE) techniques. Traditional ``cryptic'' IC camouflaging methods typically focus on hiding localized gate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Junling Fan , David Koblah , Domenic Forte

Intellectual Property (IP) infringement including piracy and over production have emerged as significant threats in the semiconductor supply chain. Key based obfuscation techniques (i.e., logic locking) are widely applied to secure legacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Sheikh Ariful Islam , Love Kumar Sah , Srinivas Katkoori