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Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide a basis for semantic abstractions within a neural network architecture. Such models have primarily been seen through the lens of interpretability so far, wherein they offer transparency by inferring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Deepika SN Vemuri , Gautham Bellamkonda , Aditya Pola , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) predict through human-interpretable concepts, but they typically output point concept probabilities that conflate epistemic uncertainty (reducible model underspecification) with aleatoric uncertainty…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tanmoy Mukherjee , Thomas Bailleux , Pierre Marquis , Zied Bouraoui

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising interpretable method whose final prediction is based on intermediate, human-understandable concepts rather than the raw input. Through time-consuming manual interventions, a user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Moritz Vandenhirtz , Sonia Laguna , Ričards Marcinkevičs , Julia E. Vogt

Learning-based signal processing systems increasingly support high-stakes medical decisions using heterogeneous biomedical signals, including medical images, physiological time series, and clinical records. Despite strong predictive…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Surajit Das , Maxine Tan

Automated interpretation of chest X-rays (CXR) is a critical task with the potential to significantly improve clinical workflow and patient care. While recent advances in multimodal foundation models have shown promise, effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Alexander Davis , Rafael Souza , Jia-Hao Lim

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide inherent interpretability by first predicting a set of human-understandable concepts and then mapping them to labels through a simple classifier. While users can intervene in the concept space to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hangzhou He , Lei Zhu , Kaiwen Li , Xinliang Zhang , Jiakui Hu , Ourui Fu , Zhengjian Yao , Yanye Lu

The main challenges hindering the adoption of deep learning-based systems in clinical settings are the scarcity of annotated data and the lack of interpretability and trust in these systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance the interpretability of neural networks by basing predictions on human-understandable concepts. However, current CBMs typically rely on concept sets extracted from large language models or extensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Katharina Prasse , Patrick Knab , Sascha Marton , Christian Bartelt , Margret Keuper

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide explicit interpretations for deep neural networks through concepts and allow intervention with concepts to adjust final predictions. Existing CBMs assume concepts are conditionally independent given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Haotian Xu , Tsui-Wei Weng , Lam M. Nguyen , Tengfei Ma

Concept-bottleneck models (CBMs) are neural classifiers that compute predictions from high-level concepts extracted from the input. CBMs ensure stakeholders can understand the concepts -- and the predictions they entail -- by learning these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nicola Debole , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso , Andrea Pugnana , Emanuele Marconato

Machine learning is a vital part of many real-world systems, but several concerns remain about the lack of interpretability, explainability and robustness of black-box AI systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) address some of these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Hidde Fokkema , Tim van Erven , Sara Magliacane

The Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) of Koh et al. [2020] provide a means to ensure that a neural network based classifier bases its predictions solely on human understandable concepts. The concept labels, or rationales as we refer to them,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Joshua Lockhart , Daniele Magazzeni , Manuela Veloso

The lack of transparency in the decision-making processes of deep learning systems presents a significant challenge in modern artificial intelligence (AI), as it impairs users' ability to rely on and verify these systems. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

Concept-Based Models (CBMs) are a class of deep learning models that provide interpretability by explaining predictions through high-level concepts. These models first predict concepts and then use them to perform a downstream task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Gabriele Dominici , Giuseppe Marra

Deep learning models have achieved strong performance in medical image analysis, but their internal decision processes remain difficult to interpret. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) partially address this limitation by structuring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Getamesay Dagnaw , Xuefei Yin , Muhammad Hassan Maqsood , Yanming Zhu , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

In the context of image classification, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first embed images into a set of human-understandable concepts, followed by an intrinsically interpretable classifier that predicts labels based on these intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Haifei Zhang , Patrick Barry , Eduardo Brandao

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are neural networks designed to conjoin high performance with ante-hoc interpretability. CBMs work by first mapping inputs (e.g., images) to high-level concepts (e.g., visible objects and their properties)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Nicola Debole , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso , Emanuele Marconato

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have garnered much attention for their ability to elucidate the prediction process through a human-understandable concept layer. However, most previous studies focused on static scenarios where the data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Hongbin Lin , Chenyang Ren , Juangui Xu , Zhengyu Hu , Cheng-Long Wang , Yao Shu , Hui Xiong , Jingfeng Zhang , Di Wang , Lijie Hu

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are a class of interpretable neural network models that predict the target response of a given input based on its high-level concepts. Unlike the standard end-to-end models, CBMs enable domain experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Sungbin Shin , Yohan Jo , Sungsoo Ahn , Namhoon Lee

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are interpretable models that route predictions through a layer of human-interpretable concepts. While widely studied in vision and, more recently, in NLP, CBMs remain largely unexplored in multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Pierre Moreau , Emeline Pineau Ferrand , Yann Choho , Benjamin Wong , Annabelle Blangero , Milan Bhan