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Despite the remarkable advancements and widespread applications of deep neural networks, their ability to perform reasoning tasks remains limited, particularly in domains requiring structured, abstract thought. In this paper, we investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Satyam Goyal , Soham Dan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in automated front-end engineering, e.g., generating UI code from visual designs. However, existing front-end UI code generation benchmarks have the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jingyu Xiao , Ming Wang , Man Ho Lam , Yuxuan Wan , Junliang Liu , Yintong Huo , Michael R. Lyu

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have shown impressive performance across a broad range of multimodal tasks. However, robust image caption evaluation using LVLMs remains challenging, particularly under domain-shift scenarios. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Nakamasa Inoue , Kanoko Goto , Masanari Oi , Martyna Gruszka , Mahiro Ukai , Takumi Hirose , Yusuke Sekikawa

Remote Sensing Image Captioning (RSIC) is a cross-modal field bridging vision and language, aimed at automatically generating natural language descriptions of features and scenes in remote sensing imagery. Despite significant advances in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Qing Zhou , Tao Yang , Junyu Gao , Weiping Ni , Junzheng Wu , Qi Wang

Image-Text-Matching (ITM) is one of the defacto methods of learning generalized representations from a large corpus in Vision and Language (VL). However, due to the weak association between the web-collected image-text pairs, models fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Esra Dönmez , Pascal Tilli , Hsiu-Yu Yang , Thang Vu , Carina Silberer

When MLLMs fail at Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) visual reasoning, a fundamental question arises: is it due to perceptual deficiencies or reasoning limitations? Through systematic scaling analysis that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tongkun Guan , Zhibo Yang , Jianqiang Wan , Mingkun Yang , Zhengtao Guo , Zijian Hu , Ruilin Luo , Ruize Chen , Songtao Jiang , Peng Wang , Wei Shen , Junyang Lin , Xiaokang Yang

Computer vision often treats human perception as homogeneous: an implicit assumption that visual stimuli are perceived similarly by everyone. This assumption is reflected in the way researchers collect datasets and train vision models. By…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Andre Ye , Sebastin Santy , Jena D. Hwang , Amy X. Zhang , Ranjay Krishna

Unified multimodal models integrate the reasoning capacity of large language models with both image understanding and generation, showing great promise for advanced multimodal intelligence. However, the community still lacks a rigorous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hongxiang Li , Yaowei Li , Bin Lin , Yuwei Niu , Yuhang Yang , Xiaoshuang Huang , Jiayin Cai , Xiaolong Jiang , Yao Hu , Long Chen

This paper proposes an introspective deep metric learning (IDML) framework for uncertainty-aware comparisons of images. Conventional deep metric learning methods produce confident semantic distances between images regardless of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Wenzhao Zheng , Chengkun Wang , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLM) have made significant progress in the field of document analysis. Despite this, existing benchmarks typically focus only on extracting text and simple layout information, neglecting the complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Lei Chen , Feng Yan , Yujie Zhong , Shaoxiang Chen , Zequn Jie , Lin Ma

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in scientific tasks such as literature analysis and experimental design (e.g., accurately extracting key findings from papers or generating coherent experimental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kai Ruan , Xuan Wang , Jixiang Hong , Peng Wang , Yang Liu , Hao Sun

With the rapid development of MLLMs, evaluating their visual capabilities has become increasingly crucial. Current benchmarks primarily fall into two main types: basic perception benchmarks, which focus on local details but lack deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Chenhui Qiang , Zhaoyang Wei , Xumeng Han , Zipeng Wang , Siyao Li , Xiangyuan Lan , Jianbin Jiao , Zhenjun Han

The rapid extension of context windows in large vision-language models has given rise to long-context vision-language models (LCVLMs), which are capable of handling hundreds of images with interleaved text tokens in a single forward pass.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zhaowei Wang , Wenhao Yu , Xiyu Ren , Jipeng Zhang , Yu Zhao , Rohit Saxena , Liang Cheng , Ginny Wong , Simon See , Pasquale Minervini , Yangqiu Song , Mark Steedman

While Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) demonstrate promising multilingual capabilities, their evaluation is currently hindered by two critical limitations: (1) the use of non-parallel corpora, which conflates inherent language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Junyuan Gao , Jiahe Song , Jiang Wu , Runchuan Zhu , Guanlin Shen , Shasha Wang , Xingjian Wei , Haote Yang , Songyang Zhang , Weijia Li , Bin Wang , Dahua Lin , Lijun Wu , Conghui He

Generating a description of an image is called image captioning. Image captioning requires to recognize the important objects, their attributes and their relationships in an image. It also needs to generate syntactically and semantically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Md. Zakir Hossain , Ferdous Sohel , Mohd Fairuz Shiratuddin , Hamid Laga

Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Tianyi Zhang , Xiaolin Zhou , Yunzhe Wang , Erik Cambria , David Traum , Rui Mao

While real-world applications increasingly demand intricate scene manipulation, existing instruction-guided image editing benchmarks often oversimplify task complexity and lack comprehensive, fine-grained instructions. To bridge this gap,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Bohan Jia , Wenxuan Huang , Yuntian Tang , Junbo Qiao , Jincheng Liao , Shaosheng Cao , Fei Zhao , Zhaopeng Feng , Zhouhong Gu , Zhenfei Yin , Lei Bai , Wanli Ouyang , Lin Chen , Fei Zhao , Yao Hu , Zihan Wang , Yuan Xie , Shaohui Lin

Over the years, state-of-the-art (SoTA) image captioning methods have achieved promising results on some evaluation metrics (e.g., CIDEr). However, recent findings show that the captions generated by these methods tend to be biased toward…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Qi Chen , Chaorui Deng , Qi Wu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) increasingly support dynamic image resolutions. However, current evaluation paradigms primarily assess semantic performance, overlooking the critical question of resolution robustness - whether…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Chenxu Li , Zhicai Wang , Yuan Sheng , Xingyu Zhu , Yanbin Hao , Xiang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant potential for advancing fact-checking by leveraging their capabilities in reasoning, evidence retrieval, and explanation generation. However, existing benchmarks fail to comprehensively evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shuo Yang , Yuqin Dai , Guoqing Wang , Xinran Zheng , Jinfeng Xu , Jinze Li , Zhenzhe Ying , Weiqiang Wang , Edith C. H. Ngai