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Current evaluation paradigms for large language models (LLMs) represent a critical blind spot in AI research--relying on opaque numerical metrics that conceal fundamental limitations in spatial reasoning while providing no intuitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Liuhao Lin , Ke Li , Zihan Xu , Yuchen Shi , Yulei Qin , Yan Zhang , Xing Sun , Rongrong Ji

Dense video captioning (DVC) aims to generate multi-sentence descriptions to elucidate the multiple events in the video, which is challenging and demands visual consistency, discoursal coherence, and linguistic diversity. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Xu Yan , Zhengcong Fei , Shuhui Wang , Qingming Huang , Qi Tian

Understanding videos inherently requires reasoning over both visual and auditory information. To properly evaluate Omni-Large Language Models (Omni-LLMs), which are capable of processing multi-modal information including vision and audio,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Jianghan Chao , Jianzhang Gao , Wenhui Tan , Yuchong Sun , Ruihua Song , Liyun Ru

Quantifying the degree of similarity between images is a key copyright issue for image-based machine learning. In legal doctrine however, determining the degree of similarity between works requires subjective analysis, and fact-finders…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Alessandro Achille , Greg Ver Steeg , Tian Yu Liu , Matthew Trager , Carson Klingenberg , Stefano Soatto

Evaluating the quality of automatically generated image descriptions is challenging, requiring metrics that capture various aspects such as grammaticality, coverage, correctness, and truthfulness. While human evaluation offers valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Jia-Hong Huang , Hongyi Zhu , Yixian Shen , Stevan Rudinac , Alessio M. Pacces , Evangelos Kanoulas

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) increasingly rely on retrieval to answer knowledge-intensive multimodal questions. Existing benchmarks overlook conflicts between visual and textual evidence and the importance of generating deflections…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Nicholas Moratelli , Christopher Davis , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Bill Byrne , Gonzalo Iglesias

The rapid evolution of Multi-modality Large Language Models (MLLMs) has catalyzed a shift in computer vision from specialized models to general-purpose foundation models. Nevertheless, there is still an inadequacy in assessing the abilities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Haoning Wu , Zicheng Zhang , Erli Zhang , Chaofeng Chen , Liang Liao , Annan Wang , Chunyi Li , Wenxiu Sun , Qiong Yan , Guangtao Zhai , Weisi Lin

Image captioning evaluation remains a significant challenge, as vision-language models evolve toward more challenging capabilities such as generating long-form and context-rich descriptions. State-of-the-art evaluation metrics involve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Gonçalo Gomes , Bruno Martins , Chrysoula Zerva

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have improved Document Layout Analysis (DLA), yet structural errors such as region merging, splitting, and omission remain persistent. Conventional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Inbum Heo , Taewook Hwang , Jeesu Jung , Sangkeun Jung

Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on standard medical benchmarks, yet their true clinical reasoning ability remains unclear. Existing datasets predominantly emphasize classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Miao Jing , Mengting Jia , Junling Lin , Zhongxia Shen , Huan Gao , Mingkun Xu , Shangyang Li

Automatically evaluating the quality of image captions can be very challenging since human language is quite flexible that there can be various expressions for the same meaning. Most of the current captioning metrics rely on token level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chao Zeng , Tiesong Zhao , Sam Kwong

We introduce HallusionBench, a comprehensive benchmark designed for the evaluation of image-context reasoning. This benchmark presents significant challenges to advanced large visual-language models (LVLMs), such as GPT-4V(Vision), Gemini…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Tianrui Guan , Fuxiao Liu , Xiyang Wu , Ruiqi Xian , Zongxia Li , Xiaoyu Liu , Xijun Wang , Lichang Chen , Furong Huang , Yaser Yacoob , Dinesh Manocha , Tianyi Zhou

Large Language Models for code (code LLMs) have witnessed tremendous progress in recent years. With the rapid development of code LLMs, many popular evaluation benchmarks, such as HumanEval, DS-1000, and MBPP, have emerged to measure the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Linyi Li , Shijie Geng , Zhenwen Li , Yibo He , Hao Yu , Ziyue Hua , Guanghan Ning , Siwei Wang , Tao Xie , Hongxia Yang

Top-down images play an important role in safety-critical settings such as autonomous navigation and aerial surveillance, where they provide holistic spatial information that front-view images cannot capture. Despite this, Vision Language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kaiyuan Hou , Minghui Zhao , Lilin Xu , Yuang Fan , Xiaofan Jiang

Visual language models like Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) have shown impressive performance in analyzing natural images with language information. However, these models often encounter challenges when applied to specialized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Jiaqing Zhang , Mingxiang Cao , Xue Yang , Kai Jiang , Yunsong Li

Image recaptioning is widely used to generate training datasets with enhanced quality for various multimodal tasks. Existing recaptioning methods typically rely on powerful multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enhance textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yuchi Wang , Yishuo Cai , Shuhuai Ren , Sihan Yang , Linli Yao , Yuanxin Liu , Yuanxing Zhang , Pengfei Wan , Xu Sun

With the rapid advancement of generative models, powerful image editing methods now enable diverse and highly realistic image manipulations that far surpass traditional deepfake techniques, posing new challenges for manipulation detection.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zitong Xu , Huiyu Duan , Xiaoyu Wang , Zhaolin Cai , Kaiwei Zhang , Qiang Hu , Jing Liu , Xiongkuo Min , Guangtao Zhai

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shuo Cao , Jiayang Li , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Kaiwen Zhu , Yuanting Gao , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Qi Qin , Yu Zhou , Xiangyu Chen , Wenlong Zhang , Bin Fu , Yu Qiao , Yihao Liu

We proposed Audio Difference Captioning (ADC) as a new extension task of audio captioning for describing the semantic differences between input pairs of similar but slightly different audio clips. The ADC solves the problem that…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-24 Daiki Takeuchi , Yasunori Ohishi , Daisuke Niizumi , Noboru Harada , Kunio Kashino

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance across various multimodal tasks. However, they suffer from a problem known as language prior, where responses are generated based solely on textual patterns…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Kang-il Lee , Minbeom Kim , Seunghyun Yoon , Minsung Kim , Dongryeol Lee , Hyukhun Koh , Kyomin Jung