Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have shown impressive performance across a broad range of multimodal tasks. However, robust image caption evaluation using LVLMs remains challenging, particularly under domain-shift scenarios. To address this issue, we introduce the Distribution-Aware Score Decoder (DISCODE), a novel finetuning-free method that generates robust evaluation scores better aligned with human judgments across diverse domains. The core idea behind DISCODE lies in its test-time adaptive evaluation approach, which introduces the Adaptive Test-Time (ATT) loss, leveraging a Gaussian prior distribution to improve robustness in evaluation score estimation. This loss is efficiently minimized at test time using an analytical solution that we derive. Furthermore, we introduce the Multi-domain Caption Evaluation (MCEval) benchmark, a new image captioning evaluation benchmark covering six distinct domains, designed to assess the robustness of evaluation metrics. In our experiments, we demonstrate that DISCODE achieves state-of-the-art performance as a reference-free evaluation metric across MCEval and four representative existing benchmarks.
@article{arxiv.2512.14420,
title = {DISCODE: Distribution-Aware Score Decoder for Robust Automatic Evaluation of Image Captioning},
author = {Nakamasa Inoue and Kanoko Goto and Masanari Oi and Martyna Gruszka and Mahiro Ukai and Takumi Hirose and Yusuke Sekikawa},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.14420},
year = {2026}
}