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Related papers: LLMs Uncertainty Quantification via Adaptive Confo…

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We explore uncertainty quantification in large language models (LLMs), with the goal to identify when uncertainty in responses given a query is large. We simultaneously consider both epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties, where the former…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Yasin Abbasi Yadkori , Ilja Kuzborskij , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in both industry and academia for various tasks, yet evaluating the consistency of generated text responses continues to be a challenge. Traditional metrics like ROUGE and BLEU show a weak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 P Aditya Sreekar , Sahil Verma , Suransh Chopra , Sarik Ghazarian , Abhishek Persad , Narayanan Sadagopan

In this paper, we study the problem of uncertainty estimation and calibration for LLMs. We begin by formulating the uncertainty estimation problem, a relevant yet underexplored area in existing literature. We then propose a supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Linyu Liu , Yu Pan , Xiaocheng Li , Guanting Chen

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is fundamental to Vision-Language Models (VLMs) and high-quality data generation for LLM training. Yet, despite progress in average OCR accuracy, state-of-the-art VLMs still struggle with detecting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yulong Zhang , Tianyi Liang , Xinyue Huang , Erfei Cui , Guoqing Wang , Xu Guo , Chenhui Li , Gongshen Liu

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pranav Kallem

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) achieve strong performance on many multimodal tasks, but object hallucinations severely undermine their reliability. Most existing studies focus on the text modality, attributing hallucinations to overly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jiale Song , Jiaxin Luo , Xue-song Tang , Kuangrong Hao , Mingbo Zhao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have notably enhanced the performance of Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA), yet their massive parameter scale leads to excessive resource consumption in training and inference, severely limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shiqin Han , Manning Gao , Menghua Jiang , Yuncheng Jiang , Haifeng Hu , Sijie Mai

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as judges to replace costly human preference labels in pairwise evaluation. Despite their practicality, LLM judges remain prone to miscalibration and systematic biases. This paper proposes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Sher Badshah , Ali Emami , Hassan Sajjad

As instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) evolve, aligning pretrained foundation models presents increasing challenges. Existing alignment strategies, which typically leverage diverse and high-quality data sources, often overlook…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yikun Wang , Rui Zheng , Liang Ding , Qi Zhang , Dahua Lin , Dacheng Tao

Understanding why a large language model (LLM) is uncertain about the response is important for their reliable deployment. Current approaches, which either provide a single uncertainty score or rely on the classical aleatoric-epistemic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Aditya Taparia , Ransalu Senanayake , Kowshik Thopalli , Vivek Narayanaswamy

Uncertainty quantification has emerged as an effective approach to closed-book hallucination detection for LLMs, but existing methods are largely designed for short-form outputs and do not generalize well to long-form generation. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Dylan Bouchard , Mohit Singh Chauhan , Viren Bajaj , David Skarbrevik

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language tasks, but often exhibit overconfidence and generate plausible yet incorrect answers. This overconfidence, especially in models undergone…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Zeguan Xiao , Diyang Dou , Boya Xiong , Yun Chen , Guanhua Chen

Despite the growing demand for eliciting uncertainty from large language models (LLMs), empirical evidence suggests that LLM behavior is not always adequately captured by the elicitation techniques developed under the classical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Anita Yang , Krikamol Muandet , Michele Caprio , Siu Lun Chau , Masaki Adachi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse tasks by encoding vast amounts of factual knowledge. However, they are still prone to hallucinations, generating incorrect or misleading information, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Xiaomin Li , Zhou Yu , Ziji Zhang , Yingying Zhuang , Swair Shah , Narayanan Sadagopan , Anurag Beniwal

Mainstream Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods for adapting vision-language models, e.g., CLIP, typically rely on Shannon Entropy (SE) at test time to measure prediction uncertainty and inconsistency. However, since CLIP has a built-in bias…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xiangyu Wu , Dongming Jiang , Feng Yu , Yueying Tian , Jiaqi Tang , Qing-Guo Chen , Yang Yang , Jianfeng Lu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where the available context is incomplete or degraded. We argue that an LLM generating answers under incomplete context can be viewed as an implicit imputer, and evaluated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Stef van Buuren

Single-prompt accuracy is the dominant way to benchmark language models, but it can miss reliability failures that matter. We evaluate a 15-model open-weight corpus, with the main reliability analyses focused on 10 instruct models across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ranit Karmakar , Jayita Chatterjee

We develop a novel approach for confidently accelerating inference in the large and expensive multilayer Transformers that are now ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP). Amortized or approximate computational methods increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Tommi Jaakkola , Regina Barzilay

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have accelerated progress toward artificial general intelligence, with inference-time scaling emerging as a key technique. Contemporary approaches leverage either sequential reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zenan Xu , Zexuan Qiu , Guanhua Huang , Kun Li , Siheng Li , Chenchen Zhang , Kejiao Li , Qi Yi , Yuhao Jiang , Bo Zhou , Fengzong Lian , Zhanhui Kang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in medical question-answering (QA) scenarios. However, LLMs can generate hallucinations and nonfactual information, undermining their trustworthiness in high-stakes medical tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yusong Ke , Hongru Lin , Yuting Ruan , Junya Tang , Li Li
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