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Integration of renewable energy resources with the electric grid is necessary for a sustainable energy future. However, increased penetration of inverter based resources (IBRs) reduce grid inertia, which might then compromise power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-18 Hashem Albhrani , Reetam Sen Biswas , Anamitra Pal

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

With the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids, system-level coordinated optimization of IBR controllers has become increasingly important for maintaining overall system stability. Unlike most existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Haowen Xu , Xin Chen

As the growing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in modern power systems, the system strength is decreasing. Due to the inherent difference in short-circuit capacity contributions of synchronous generators and inverters, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Zitian Qiu , Yunjie Gu

This paper presents a trajectory tracking control strategy that modulates the active power injected by geographically distributed inverter-based resources to support transient stability. Each resource is independently controlled, and its…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-29 Ryan T. Elliott , Payman Arabshahi , Daniel S. Kirschen

Power grids are traditionally dominated by synchronous generators (SGs) but are currently undergoing a major transformation through the increasing integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). The SG-dominated grid is traditionally…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-17 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

The increasing uptake of inverter based resources (IBRs) has resulted in many new challenges for power system operators around the world. The high level of complexity of IBR generators makes accurate classical model-based stability analysis…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Lucas Lugnani , Morgan Jones , Luís F. C. Alberto , Mathew Peet , Daniel Dotta

As power systems evolve with increasing production from Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), their underlying dynamics are undergoing significant changes that can jeopardize system operation, leading to poorly damped oscillations or…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Jovan Krajacic , Keith Moffat , Gustavo Valverde

In this paper we propose a PI passivity-based controller, applicable to a large class of switched power converters, that ensures global state regulation to a desired equilibrium point. A solution to this problem was reported in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-05 Alexey Bobtsov , Romeo Ortega , Nikolay Nikolaev , Wei He

With the rapid adoption of emerging inverter-based resources, it is crucial to understand their dynamic interactions across the network and ensure stability. This paper proposes a systematic and efficient method to determine the optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Sushobhan Chatterjee , Sijia Geng

We propose a generalized dynamic phasor (DP) framework to analyze inverter-based resources (IBRs) connected to multi-machine systems under balanced and unbalanced conditions. It captures subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) induced by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-24 Fiaz Hossain , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Constantino M. Lagoa

This study examines the transient stability of low-inertia power systems with inverter-based generation (IBG) and proposes a sufficient stability criterion. In low-inertia grids, transient interactions are induced between the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-22 Changjun He , Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng , Huadong Sun , Shiyun Xu

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Differing from synchronous generators (SGs), grid-forming inverter-based resources (GFM-IBRs) exhibit rapid variations in their output impedances during transmission line faults due to the overcurrent limitation. As a result, the source…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-13 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

A distributed controller for secondary control problems in microgrids with grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) is developed. The controller is based on distributed optimization and is synthesized and implemented…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Vivek Khatana , Soham Chakraborty , Murti V. Salapaka

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

Grid-following (GFL) inverters have very different large-signal stability characteristics to synchronous generators, and convenient concepts such as the equal-area criterion and global energy function do not apply in the same way. Existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Yifan Zhang , Yaoxin Wang , Yunjie Gu , Yitong Li , Sijia Geng , Yue Zhu , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green

An increase in the integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) to the electric grid, will lead to a corresponding decrease in the amount of connected synchronous generators, resulting in a decline in the available rotational inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-31 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

This paper investigates transient performance of inverter-based microgrids in terms of the resistive power losses incurred in regulating frequency under persistent stochastic disturbances. We model the inverters as second-order oscillators…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-03-22 Emma Tegling , Martin Andreasson , John W. Simpson-Porco , Henrik Sandberg

We consider the problem of controlling the frequency of low-inertia power systems via inverter-based resources (IBRs) that are weakly connected to the grid. We propose a novel grid-forming control strategy, the so-called frequency shaping…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Yashen Lin , Andrey Bernstein , Enrique Mallada , Dominic Groß