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Recent advances in deep learning have shown that uncertainty estimation is becoming increasingly important in applications such as medical imaging, natural language processing, and autonomous systems. However, accurately quantifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Uddeshya Upadhyay , Jae Myung Kim , Cordelia Schmidt , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zeynep Akata

Optimal performance is critical for decision-making tasks from medicine to autonomous driving, however common performance measures may be too general or too specific. For binary classifiers, diagnostic tests or prognosis at a timepoint,…

Recent works have shown that deep neural networks can achieve super-human performance in a wide range of image classification tasks in the medical imaging domain. However, these works have primarily focused on classification accuracy,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Gongbo Liang , Yu Zhang , Xiaoqin Wang , Nathan Jacobs

Deep learning models often achieve expert-level accuracy in medical image classification but suffer from a critical flaw: semantic incoherence. These high-confidence mistakes that are semantically incoherent (e.g., classifying a malignant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Abolfazl Mohammadi-Seif , Ricardo Baeza-Yates

The accurate estimation of predictive uncertainty carries importance in medical scenarios such as lung node segmentation. Unfortunately, most existing works on predictive uncertainty do not return calibrated uncertainty estimates, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Shi Hu , Daniel Worrall , Stefan Knegt , Bas Veeling , Henkjan Huisman , Max Welling

Computer-aided diagnosis systems must make critical decisions from medical images that are often noisy, ambiguous, or conflicting, yet today's models are trained on overly simplistic labels that ignore diagnostic uncertainty. One-hot labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Ang Nan Gu , Michael Tsang , Hooman Vaseli , Purang Abolmaesumi , Teresa Tsang

Pancreatic cancer, characterized by its notable prevalence and mortality rates, demands accurate lesion delineation for effective diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. The generalizability of extant methods is frequently compromised due…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-06 Jun Li , Yijue Zhang , Haibo Shi , Minhong Li , Qiwei Li , Xiaohua Qian

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and the major hurdle in biomedical image analysis is the determination of the cancer extent. This assignment has high clinical relevance and would generally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-21 Yang Nan , Gianmarc Coppola , Qiaokang Liang , Kunglin Zou , Wei Sun , Dan Zhang , Yaonan Wang , Guanzhen Yu

Confidence calibration assumes a unique ground-truth label per input, yet this assumption fails wherever annotators genuinely disagree. Post-hoc calibrators fitted on majority-voted labels, the standard single-label targets used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Linwei Tao , Haoyang Luo , Minjing Dong , Chang Xu

Reliable tumor segmentation in thoracic computed tomography (CT) remains challenging due to boundary ambiguity, class imbalance, and anatomical variability. We propose an uncertainty-guided, coarse-to-fine segmentation framework that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ilkin Sevgi Isler , David Mohaisen , Curtis Lisle , Damla Turgut , Ulas Bagci

Medical image segmentation has been widely recognized as a pivot procedure for clinical diagnosis, analysis, and treatment planning. However, the laborious and expensive annotation process lags down the speed of further advances.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Zhuowei Li , Zihao Liu , Zhiqiang Hu , Qing Xia , Ruiqin Xiong , Shaoting Zhang , Dimitris Metaxas , Tingting Jiang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have made great strides in pushing the state-of-the-art in several challenging domains. Recent studies reveal that they are prone to making overconfident predictions. This greatly reduces the overall trust in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Vinith Kugathasan , Muhammad Haris Khan

Early detection improves prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) but is challenging as lesions are often small and poorly defined on contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans (CE-CT). Deep learning can facilitate PDAC…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-14 Natália Alves , Megan Schuurmans , Geke Litjens , Joeran S. Bosma , John Hermans , Henkjan Huisman

Pancreatic cancer is one of the global leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite the success of Deep Learning in computer-aided diagnosis and detection (CAD) methods, little attention has been paid to the detection of Pancreatic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Christiaan G. A. Viviers , Mark Ramaekers , Peter H. N. de With , Dimitrios Mavroeidis , Joost Nederend , Misha Luyer , Fons van der Sommen

Recent years have seen increasing use of supervised learning methods for segmentation tasks. However, the predictive performance of these algorithms depends on the quality of labels. This problem is particularly pertinent in the medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Le Zhang , Ryutaro Tanno , Mou-Cheng Xu , Chen Jin , Joseph Jacob , Olga Ciccarelli , Frederik Barkhof , Daniel C. Alexander

Accurate tumor segmentation is crucial for cancer diagnosis and treatment. While foundation models have advanced general-purpose segmentation, existing methods still struggle with: (1) limited incorporation of medical priors, (2) imbalance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Runqi Meng , Sifan Song , Pengfei Jin , Yujin Oh , Lin Teng , Yulin Wang , Yiqun Sun , Ling Chen , Xiang Li , Quanzheng Li , Ning Guo , Dinggang Shen

Density of mitotic figures in histologic sections is a prognostically relevant characteristic for many tumours. Due to high inter-pathologist variability, deep learning-based algorithms are a promising solution to improve tumour…

Dynamic neural networks are a recent technique that promises a remedy for the increasing size of modern deep learning models by dynamically adapting their computational cost to the difficulty of the inputs. In this way, the model can adjust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Lassi Meronen , Martin Trapp , Andrea Pilzer , Le Yang , Arno Solin