English
Related papers

Related papers: Beyond the Mean: Modelling Annotation Distribution…

200 papers

When training data are collected from human annotators, the design of the annotation instrument, the instructions given to annotators, the characteristics of the annotators, and their interactions can impact training data. This study…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-23 Christoph Kern , Stephanie Eckman , Jacob Beck , Rob Chew , Bolei Ma , Frauke Kreuter

We consider the problem of parameter estimation using weakly supervised datasets, where a training sample consists of the input and a partially specified annotation, which we refer to as the output. The missing information in the annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-22 M. Pawan Kumar , Ben Packer , Daphne Koller

Despite growing interest in incorporating feedback to improve language models, most efforts focus only on sequence-level annotations. In this work, we explore the potential of utilizing fine-grained span-level annotations from offline…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Lily H. Zhang , Hamid Dadkhahi , Mara Finkelstein , Firas Trabelsi , Jiaming Luo , Markus Freitag

Whilst a majority of affective computing research focuses on inferring emotions, examining mood or understanding the \textit{mood-emotion interplay} has received significantly less attention. Building on prior work, we (a) deduce and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Soujanya Narayana , Ibrahim Radwan , Ravikiran Parameshwara , Iman Abbasnejad , Akshay Asthana , Ramanathan Subramanian , Roland Goecke

Annotator disagreement in emotion classification reflects ambiguity intrinsic to emotion concepts and is essential for predictor-quality assessment in subjective NLP. Yet no prior work integrates soft-label learning with Bayesian deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Keito Inoshita , Takato Ueno

Generalization is an important attribute of machine learning models, particularly for those that are to be deployed in a medical context, where unreliable predictions can have real world consequences. While the failure of models to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Brennan Nichyporuk , Jillian Cardinell , Justin Szeto , Raghav Mehta , Jean-Pierre R. Falet , Douglas L. Arnold , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Tal Arbel

Decoding emotion from brain activity could unlock a deeper understanding of the human experience. While a number of existing datasets align brain data with speech and with speech transcripts, no datasets have annotated brain data with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Brian Liu , Oiwi Parker Jones

Human annotations are an important source of information in the development of natural language understanding approaches. As under the pressure of productivity annotators can assign different labels to a given text, the quality of produced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Kristian Miok , Gregor Pirs , Marko Robnik-Sikonja

Annotator disagreement is widespread in NLP, particularly for subjective and ambiguous tasks such as toxicity detection and stance analysis. While early approaches treated disagreement as noise to be removed, recent work increasingly models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yinuo Xu , David Jurgens

Self-annotation is the gold standard for collecting affective state labels in affective computing. Existing methods typically rely on full annotation, requiring users to continuously label affective states across entire sessions. While this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jaeyoung Moon , Youjin Choi , Yucheon Park , David Melhart , Georgios N. Yannakakis , Kyung-Joong Kim

Our interpretation of value concepts is shaped by our sociocultural background and lived experiences, and is thus subjective. Recognizing individual value interpretations is important for developing AI systems that can align with diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Adina Nicola Dobrinoiu , Ana Cristiana Marcu , Amir Homayounirad , Luciano Cavalcante Siebert , Enrico Liscio

Large language models are routinely deployed on text that varies widely in emotional tone, yet their reasoning behavior is typically evaluated without accounting for emotion as a source of representational variation. Prior work has largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Benjamin Reichman , Adar Avsian , Samuel Webster , Larry Heck

Affective computing strives to unveil the unknown relationship between affect elicitation, manifestation of affect and affect annotations. The ground truth of affect, however, is predominately attributed to the affect labels which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Konstantinos Makantasis , Kosmas Pinitas , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Physiological signals hold immense potential for ubiquitous emotion monitoring, presenting numerous applications in emotion recognition. However, harnessing this potential is hindered by significant challenges, particularly in the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-30 Pragya Singh , Ritvik Budhiraja , Pankaj Jalote , Mohan Kumar , Pushpendra Singh

Data annotated by humans is a source of knowledge by describing the peculiarities of the problem and therefore fueling the decision process of the trained model. Unfortunately, the annotation process for subjective natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Kamil Kanclerz , Julita Bielaniewicz , Marcin Gruza , Jan Kocon , Stanisław Woźniak , Przemysław Kazienko

Automatic emotion recognition is an active research topic with wide range of applications. Due to the high manual annotation cost and inevitable label ambiguity, the development of emotion recognition dataset is limited in both scale and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-08 Jingjun Liang , Ruichen Li , Qin Jin

Human emotion is expressed in many communication modalities and media formats and so their computational study is equally diversified into natural language processing, audio signal analysis, computer vision, etc. Similarly, the large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Sven Buechel , Udo Hahn

What are the limits of automated Twitter sentiment classification? We analyze a large set of manually labeled tweets in different languages, use them as training data, and construct automated classification models. It turns out that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Igor Mozetic , Miha Grcar , Jasmina Smailovic

Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct".…

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained sentiment analysis task which aims to extract the aspects from sentences and identify their corresponding sentiments. Aspect term extraction (ATE) is the crucial step for ABSA. Due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Xiang Chen , Xiaojun Wan