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Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) is one of the most critical aspects of building a performant compound AI system. Since the output from LLMs propagate to downstream steps, identifying LLM errors is crucial to system performance. A…

Leaderboards are crucial in the machine learning (ML) domain for benchmarking and tracking progress. However, creating leaderboards traditionally demands significant manual effort. In recent years, efforts have been made to automate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Roelien C. Timmer , Necva Bölücü , Stephen Wan

A central capability of intelligent systems is the ability to continuously build upon previous experiences to speed up and enhance learning of new tasks. Two distinct research paradigms have studied this question. Meta-learning views this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Chelsea Finn , Aravind Rajeswaran , Sham Kakade , Sergey Levine

In the era of data-driven intelligence, the paradox of data abundance and annotation scarcity has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the advancement of machine learning. This paper gives a detailed overview of Active Learning (AL), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Chiung-Yi Tseng , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Tianyang Wang , Chia Xin Liang , Xinyuan Song , Ming Liu

The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) provides a compact laboratory for studying abstract reasoning, an ability central to human intelligence. Modern AI systems, including LLMs and ViTs, largely operate as sequence-of-behavior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhiguang Liu , Yi Shang

The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) is a challenging program induction dataset that was recently proposed by Chollet (2019). Here, we report the first set of results collected from a behavioral study of humans solving a subset of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Aysja Johnson , Wai Keen Vong , Brenden M. Lake , Todd M. Gureckis

While recent research increasingly emphasizes the value of human-LLM collaboration in competitive programming and proposes numerous empirical methods, a comprehensive understanding remains elusive due to the fragmented nature of existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Xinwei Yang , Zhaofeng Liu , Chen Huang , Jiashuai Zhang , Tong Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Wenqiang Lei

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has burrowed into our lives in various aspects; however, without appropriate testing, deployed AI systems are often being criticized to fail in critical and embarrassing cases. Existing testing approaches mainly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Siwei Fu , Anbang Xu , Xiaotong Liu , Huimin Zhou , Rama Akkiraju

We present the TRIAGE Benchmark, a novel machine ethics (ME) benchmark that tests LLMs' ability to make ethical decisions during mass casualty incidents. It uses real-world ethical dilemmas with clear solutions designed by medical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nathalie Maria Kirch , Konstantin Hebenstreit , Matthias Samwald

Traditional error detection approaches require user-defined parameters and rules. Thus, the user has to know both the error detection system and the data. However, we can also formulate error detection as a semi-supervised classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Felix Neutatz , Mohammad Mahdavi , Ziawasch Abedjan

Standard automatic methods for recognizing problematic development commits can be greatly improved via the incremental application of human+artificial expertise. In this approach, called EMBLEM, an AI tool first explore the software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Huy Tu , Zhe Yu , Tim Menzies

LLM-based digital twin simulation, where large language models are used to emulate individual human behavior, holds great promise for research in AI, social science, and digital experimentation. However, progress in this area has been…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Olivier Toubia , George Z. Gui , Tianyi Peng , Daniel J. Merlau , Ang Li , Haozhe Chen

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used for processing data to make decisions, interact with humans, and understand their feelings and emotions. With the advent of the internet, people share and express their thoughts on day-to-day…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Sheetal Kusal , Shruti Patil , Jyoti Choudrie , Ketan Kotecha , Deepali Vora , Ilias Pappas

The REAIM 2024 Blueprint for Action states that AI applications in the military domain should be ethical and human-centric and that humans must remain responsible and accountable for their use and effects. Developing rigorous test and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-04 David Helmer , Michael Boardman , S. Kate Conroy , Adam J. Hepworth , Manoj Harjani

As one of the most successful AI-powered applications, recommender systems aim to help people make appropriate decisions in an effective and efficient way, by providing personalized suggestions in many aspects of our lives, especially for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Wenqi Fan , Xiangyu Zhao , Xiao Chen , Jingran Su , Jingtong Gao , Lin Wang , Qidong Liu , Yiqi Wang , Han Xu , Lei Chen , Qing Li

Large Language Model-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown remarkable progress in solving complex tasks through collaborative reasoning and inter-agent critique. However, existing approaches typically treat each task in isolation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yilong Li , Chen Qian , Yu Xia , Ruijie Shi , Yufan Dang , Zihao Xie , Ziming You , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Weichuan Liu , Ye Tian , Xuantang Xiong , Lei Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Tendem is a hybrid system where AI handles structured, repeatable work and Human Experts step in when the models fail or to verify results. Each result undergoes a comprehensive quality review before delivery to the Client. To assess…

Development of machine learning (ML) workflows is a tedious process of iterative experimentation: developers repeatedly make changes to workflows until the desired accuracy is attained. We describe our vision for a "human-in-the-loop" ML…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Doris Xin , Litian Ma , Jialin Liu , Stephen Macke , Shuchen Song , Aditya Parameswaran

Active learning (AL) is a human-and-model-in-the-loop paradigm that iteratively selects informative unlabeled data for human annotation, aiming to improve over random sampling. However, performing AL experiments with human annotations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Katerina Margatina , Nikolaos Aletras

Large Action Models (LAMs) for AI Agents offer incredible potential but face challenges due to the need for high-quality training data, especially for multi-steps tasks that involve planning, executing tool calls, and responding to…

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