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Implementation security, higher generation rate, and lower cost are primary missions in the domain of quantum key distributions in recent years. However, simultaneously achieving robust security, high speed, and low cost often resembles an…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for achieving low error rates required for fault-tolerant quantum computation. In stabilizer-based codes such as the surface code, errors are inferred from repeated syndrome measurements and…

We present an implementation of the time-frequency (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol realized mainly with standard telecommunication components at 1550 nm. TF-QKD is implemented with modulations in time and frequency, namely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Jasper Rödiger , Nicolas Perlot , Oliver Benson , Ronald Freund

This work presents a hardware and software architecture which can be used in those systems that implement practical Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) schemes. This architecture fully exploits the…

With the rise of quantum technologies, data security increasingly relies on quantum cryptography and its most notable application, quantum key distribution (QKD). Yet, current technological limitations, in particular, the unavailability of…

Imperfect bit-and-basis encoders compromise the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems via modulation flaws, side channels and inter-pulse correlations, which invalidate standard security proofs. Existing results addressing such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Margarida Pereira , Go Kato , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Distributed systems frequently encounter consistency violation faults (cvfs), where nodes operate on outdated or inaccurate data, adversely affecting convergence and overall system performance. This study presents a machine learning-based…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Kamal Giri , Amit Garu

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors that are inherently continuous A powerful method to suppress these effects is to use quantum error correction. Typically,…

In practical implementation of quantum key distributions (QKD), it requires efficient, real-time feedback control to maintain system stability when facing disturbance from either external environment or imperfect internal components.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-07 Jing-Yang Liu , Hua-Jian Ding , Chun-Mei Zhang , Shi-Peng Xie , Qin Wang

We develop new methods of quantifying the impact of photon detector imperfections on achievable secret key rates in Time-Entanglement based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). We address photon detection timing jitter, detector downtime, and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Dunbar Birnie , Christopher Cheng , Emina Soljanin

This paper presents and demonstrates a stochastic logic time delay reservoir design in FPGA hardware. The reservoir network approach is analyzed using a number of metrics, such as kernel quality, generalization rank, performance on simple…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Lisa Loomis , Nathan McDonald , Cory Merkel

This paper presents several new structures to pursue high-resolution (< 2 ps) time-to-digital converters (TDCs) in Xilinx 20 nm UltraScale field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The proposed TDCs combined the advantages of 1) our newly…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-09 Wujun Xie , Haochang Chen , David Day-Uei Li

Gate fidelity -- an average fidelity over all possible input states -- is the workhorse metric for benchmarking quantum gates or circuits, yet fault-tolerant quantum computing ultimately depends on the worst-case behavior, typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Kyoungho Cho , Ilkwon Sohn , Yongsoo Hwang , Jeongho Bang

A real-time Quantum Key Distribution System is developed in this paper. In the system, based on the feature of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), secure key extraction control and algorithm have been optimally designed to perform…

The impact of noise sources in real-world implementations of Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) protocols is investigated, focusing on phase noise from photon sources and connecting fibers. This work emphasizes the role of laser…

We compare failure distributions of quantum error correction circuits for stochastic errors and coherent errors. We utilize a fully coherent simulation of a fault tolerant quantum error correcting circuit for a $d=3$ Steane and surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-17 Jeff P. Barnes , Colin J. Trout , Dennis G. Lucarelli , B. D. Clader

Electronic systems for qubit control and measurement serve as a bridge between quantum programming language and quantum information processors. With the rapid development of superconducting quantum circuit (SQC) technology, synchronization…

A new scheme of quantum key distribution (QKD) using frequency and time coding is proposed, in which the security is based on the frequency-time uncertainty relation. In this scheme, the binary information sequence is encoded randomly on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Chang-hua Zhu , Chang-xing Pei , Dong-xiao Quan , Nan Chen , Yun-hui Yi

For TOF positron emission tomography (TOF PET) detectors, time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are essential to resolve the coincidence time of the photon pairs. Recently, an efficient TDC structure called ring-oscillator-based (RO-based)…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-06-12 Ke Cui , Xiangyu Li , Zongkai Liu , Rihong Zhu