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Online continual learning (OCL) refers to the ability of a system to learn over time from a continuous stream of data without having to revisit previously encountered training samples. Learning continually in a single data pass is crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-23 German I. Parisi , Vincenzo Lomonaco

Large Language Models' (LLMs) programming capabilities enable their participation in open-source games: a game-theoretic setting in which players submit computer programs in lieu of actions. These programs offer numerous advantages,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Swadesh Sistla , Max Kleiman-Weiner

Game semantics is a powerful method of semantic analysis for programming languages. It gives mathematically accurate models ("fully abstract") for a wide variety of programming languages. Game semantic models are combinatorial…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Dan R. Ghica , Khulood Alyahya

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate powerful information handling capabilities and are widely integrated into chatbot applications. OpenAI provides a platform for developers to construct custom GPTs, extending ChatGPT's functions and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Wei Wenying , Zhao Kaifa , Xue Lei , Fan Ming

Evaluation has traditionally focused on ranking candidates for a specific skill. Modern generalist models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), decidedly outpace this paradigm. Open-ended evaluation systems, where candidate models are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Siqi Liu , Ian Gemp , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Nicolas Heess , Marc Lanctot

Although large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional capabilities across a wide range of tasks, reliable evaluation remains a critical challenge due to data contamination, opaque operation, and subjective preferences. To address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Qianhong Guo , Wei Xie , Xiaofang Cai , Enze Wang , Shuoyoucheng Ma , Xiaobing Sun , Tian Xia , Kai Chen , Xiaofeng Wang , Baosheng Wang

Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly with Large Language Models (LLMs), have led to significant progress in narrow tasks such as image classification, language translation, coding, and writing. However, these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Daniel A. Dollinger , Michael Singleton

Enabling effective and efficient machine learning (ML) over large-scale graph data (e.g., graphs with billions of edges) can have a great impact on both industrial and scientific applications. However, existing efforts to advance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Weihua Hu , Matthias Fey , Hongyu Ren , Maho Nakata , Yuxiao Dong , Jure Leskovec

We consider a scenario in which two reinforcement learning agents repeatedly play a matrix game against each other and update their parameters after each round. The agents' decision-making is transparent to each other, which allows each…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Adrian Hutter

Game development sits at the intersection of creative design and intricate software engineering, demanding the joint orchestration of game engines, real-time loops, and tightly coupled state across many files. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yilei Jiang , Jinyuan Hu , Qianyin Xiao , Yaozhi Zheng , Ruize Ma , Kaituo Feng , Jiaming Han , Tianshuo Peng , Kaixuan Fan , Manyuan Zhang , Xiangyu Yue

In federated learning, benign participants aim to optimize a global model collaboratively. However, the risk of \textit{privacy leakage} cannot be ignored in the presence of \textit{semi-honest} adversaries. Existing research has focused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Xiaojin Zhang , Lixin Fan , Siwei Wang , Wenjie Li , Kai Chen , Qiang Yang

Wargames are simulations of conflicts in which participants' decisions influence future events. While casual wargaming can be used for entertainment or socialization, serious wargaming is used by experts to explore strategic implications of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Glenn Matlin , Parv Mahajan , Isaac Song , Yixiong Hao , Ryan Bard , Stu Topp , Evan Montoya , M. Rehan Parwani , Soham Shetty , Mark Riedl

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications that demand complex reasoning. To track progress, robust benchmarks are required to evaluate their capabilities beyond superficial pattern recognition.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Wenye Lin , Jonathan Roberts , Yunhan Yang , Samuel Albanie , Zongqing Lu , Kai Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance their problem-solving capability by utilizing external tools. However, in open-world scenarios with massive and evolving tool repositories, existing methods relying on static embedding retrieval or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shouzheng Huang , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

As Generative AI becomes a key component in physics education, a significant ethical challenge has emerged: the tendency of students to anthropomorphize Large Language Models (LLMs), treating them as authoritative "oracles" that retrieve…

Physics Education · Physics 2026-02-03 Eugenio Tufino

We present an interactive framework for evaluating whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit genuine "understanding" in a simple yet strategic environment. As a running example, we focus on Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS), which, despite its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jerry Wang , Ting Yiu Liu

When encountering increasingly frequent performance improvements or cost reductions from a new large language model (LLM), developers of applications leveraging LLMs must decide whether to take advantage of these improvements or stay with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Rubing Li , João Sedoc , Arun Sundararajan

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are reshaping the game industry, by enabling more intelligent and human-preferable characters. Yet, current game benchmarks fall short of practical needs: they lack evaluations of diverse LLM capabilities…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in AI-driven educational instruction and assessment, particularly within mathematics education. The capability of LLMs to generate accurate answers and detailed solutions for math…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Liang Zhang , Edith Aurora Graf

Recent advances in artificial intelligence have created new possibilities for making education more scalable, adaptive, and learner-centered. However, existing educational chatbot systems often lack contextual adaptability, real-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mohamed El Hajji , Tarek Ait Baha , Aicha Dakir , Hammou Fadili , Youssef Es-Saady