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The design and launch of large-scale satellite networks create an imminent demand for efficient and delay-minimising routing methods. With the rising number of satellites in such constellations, pre-computing all shortest routes between all…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns

Laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) are envisioned between satellites in upcoming satellite constellations, such as Phase I of SpaceX's Starlink. Within a constellation, satellites can establish LISLs with other satellites in the same…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-02 Aizaz U. Chaudhry , Halim Yanikomeroglu

With numerous ongoing deployments owned by private companies and startups, dense satellite constellations deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) will play a major role in the near future of wireless communications. In addition, the 3rd…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Beatriz Soret , Petar Popovski

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are rapidly gaining traction today. Although several real-world deployments exist, our preliminary analysis of LEO topology performance with the soon-to-be operational Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Wenyi Zhang , Zihan Xu , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are emerging as an essential communication infrastructure, with standardized 5G-based non-terrestrial networks and their integration with terrestrial systems envisioned as a key feature of 6G.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Andreas Casparsen , Jonas Ellegaard Jakobsen , Jimmy Jessen Nielsen , Petar Popovski , Israel Leyva Mayorga

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks have evolved into mega-constellations with hundreds to thousands of satellites inter-connecting with inter-satellite links (ISLs). Network planning, which plans for network resources…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Sheng Cen , Qiying Pan , Yifei Zhu , Bo Li

This work provides a rigorous methodology for assessing the feasibility of spectrum sharing between large low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. For concreteness, we focus on the existing Starlink system and the soon-to-be-launched…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-12 Eunsun Kim , Ian P. Roberts , Jeffrey G. Andrews

Large low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks such as SpaceX's Starlink constellation promise to deliver low-latency, high-bandwidth Internet access with global coverage. As an alternative to terrestrial fiber as a global Internet…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Tobias Pfandzelter , David Bermbach

A general satellite channel model is proposed for communications between a rapidly moving low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite in a mega-constellation and a stationary user on Earth. The channel uses a non-homogeneous binomial point process…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Brendon McBain , Yi Hong , Emanuele Viterbo

The low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite network with mega-constellations can provide global coverage while supporting the high-data rates. The coverage performance of such a network is highly dependent on orbit geometry parameters, including…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Junse Lee , Song Noh , Sooyeob Jeong , Namyoon Lee

Utilizing Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks equipped with Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) is envisioned to provide lower delay compared to traditional optical networks. However, LEO satellites have constrained energy resources as they…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kosta Dakic , Chiu Chun Chan , Bassel Al Homssi , Kandeepan Sithamparanathan , Akram Al-Hourani

Existing analyses of ergodic capacity in satellite mega-constellations often rely on restrictive serving time assumptions or become intractable under realistic handover strategies. This paper develops a framework for characterising the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Brendon McBain , Yi Hong , Emanuele Viterbo

In recent years, the number of satellites in orbit has increased rapidly, with megaconstellations like Starlink providing near-global, delay-sensitive communication services. However, not all satellite communication use cases have stringent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Ethan Fettes , Pablo G. Madoery , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Gunes Karabulut Kurt , Abhishek Naik , Stéphane Martel

The integration of satellite communication into mobile devices represents a paradigm shift in connectivity, yet the performance characteristics under motion and environmental occlusion remain poorly understood. We present the Starlink…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Boyi Liu , Qianyi Zhang , Qiang Yang , Jianhao Jiao , Jagmohan Chauhan , Dimitrios Kanoulas

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations rely on inter-satellite links (ISLs) to provide global connectivity. We note that in addition to the general constellation parameters, the ISL spanning patterns are also greatly influence the final…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Xiangtong Wang , Xiaodong Han , Menglong Yang , Chuan Xing , Yuqi Wang , Songchen Han , Wei Li

The impact of large-scale constellations of satellites, is a concern for ground-based astronomers. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of satellites in Low-Earth Orbit and this trend is set to continue. The…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-23 James Osborn , Laurence Blacketer , Matthew J. Townson , Ollie J. D. Farley

Recent breakthroughs in technology have led to a thriving "new space" culture in low-Earth orbit (LEO) in which performance and cost considerations dominate over resilience and reliability as mission goals. These advances create a manifold…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns , Eduardo Cruz , Alastair Isaacs , Zhana Imbrosh

Providing truly ubiquitous connectivity requires development of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet, whose theoretical study is lagging behind network-specific simulations. In this paper, we derive analytical expressions for the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-26 Niloofar Okati , Taneli Riihonen

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite ISPs promise universal Internet connectivity, yet their interaction with content delivery remains poorly understood. We present the first comprehensive measurement study decomposing Starlink's web content…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Rohan Bose , Jinwei Zhao , Tanya Shreedhar , Jianping Pan , Nitinder Mohan

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation satellite networks have shown great potential to extend the coverage capability of conventional terrestrial networks. How to systematically define, quantify, and assess the technical performance of…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Yu Wang , Chuili Kong , Xian Meng , Hejia Luo , Ke-Xin Li , Jun Wang