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Federated Instruction Tuning (FIT) enables collaborative instruction tuning of large language models across multiple organizations (clients) in a cross-silo setting without requiring the sharing of private instructions. Recent findings on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Haodong Zhao , Jinming Hu , Zhaomin Wu , Zongru Wu , Wei Du , Junyi Hou , Caibei Zhao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Bingsheng He , Gongshen Liu

We introduce ProofGrid, a benchmark suite for evaluating LLM reasoning through machine-checkable proofs rather than final answers alone. ProofGrid contains 15 tasks spanning proof writing, proof checking, proof masking, and proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Konstantine Arkoudas , Serafim Batzoglou

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical decision-making systems, the lack of reliable methods to measure their uncertainty presents a fundamental trustworthiness risk. We introduce a normalized confidence score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xie Xiaohu , Liu Xiaohu , Yao Benjamin

To address the increasing complexity and frequency of cybersecurity incidents emphasized by the recent cybersecurity threat reports with over 10 billion instances, cyber threat intelligence (CTI) plays a critical role in the modern…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hangyuan Ji , Jian Yang , Linzheng Chai , Chaoren Wei , Liqun Yang , Yunlong Duan , Yunli Wang , Tianzhen Sun , Hongcheng Guo , Tongliang Li , Changyu Ren , Zhoujun Li

Modern machine learning models are sensitive to the manipulation of both the training data (poisoning attacks) and inference data (adversarial examples). Recognizing this issue, the community has developed many empirical defenses against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Tobias Lorenz , Marta Kwiatkowska , Mario Fritz

The language models, especially the basic text classification models, have been shown to be susceptible to textual adversarial attacks such as synonym substitution and word insertion attacks. To defend against such attacks, a growing body…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Xinyu Zhang , Hanbin Hong , Yuan Hong , Peng Huang , Binghui Wang , Zhongjie Ba , Kui Ren

In learning-assisted theorem proving, one of the most critical challenges is to generalize to theorems unlike those seen at training time. In this paper, we introduce INT, an INequality Theorem proving benchmark, specifically designed to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Yuhuai Wu , Albert Qiaochu Jiang , Jimmy Ba , Roger Grosse

Deploying large language model (LLM)-driven conversational agents in enterprise settings requires prompts that are simultaneously correct at launch and resilient to the non-deterministic behavioral drift that characterizes production LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Keshava Chaitanya , Jahnavi Gundakaram

Insider threat is one of the most pernicious threat vectors to information and communication technologies (ICT)across the world due to the elevated level of trust and access that an insider is afforded. This type of threat can stem from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Nidhi Rastogi , Qicheng Ma

In light of the rapid adoption of AI coding assistants, LLM-assisted development has become increasingly prevalent, creating an urgent need for robust evaluation of generated code quality. Existing benchmarks often require extensive manual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yuancheng Jiang , Roland Yap , Zhenkai Liang

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown great promise in automating unit test generation, significantly reducing the manual effort required by developers. To effectively evaluate the capabilities of LLMs in this domain, it is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Dong Huang , Jie M. Zhang , Mark Harman , Qianru Zhang , Mingzhe Du , See-Kiong Ng

We introduce \textsc{CAT}, a framework designed to evaluate and visualize the \emph{interplay} of \emph{accuracy} and \emph{response consistency} of Large Language Models (LLMs) under controllable input variations, using multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Paulo Cavalin , Cassia Sanctos , Marcelo Grave , Claudio Pinhanez , Yago Primerano

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Large language models (LLMs) hallucinate with confidence: their outputs can be fluent, authoritative, and simply wrong. In medical, legal, and scientific applications this failure causes direct harm, and detecting it from internal model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Khizar Hussain , Murat Kantarcioglu

Evaluating outputs of large language models (LLMs) is challenging, requiring making -- and making sense of -- many responses. Yet tools that go beyond basic prompting tend to require knowledge of programming APIs, focus on narrow domains,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Ian Arawjo , Chelse Swoopes , Priyan Vaithilingam , Martin Wattenberg , Elena Glassman

AI coding assistants powered by large language models (LLMs) have transformed software development, significantly boosting productivity. While existing benchmarks evaluate the correctness and security of LLM-generated code, they are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ruchit Rawal , Jeffrey Yang Fan Chiang , Chihao Shen , Jeffery Siyuan Tian , Aastha Mahajan , Tom Goldstein , Yizheng Chen

LLMs are increasingly used as long-running conversational agents, yet every major benchmark evaluating their memory treats user information as static facts to be stored and retrieved. That's the wrong model. People change their minds, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Praveen Kumar Myakala , Manan Agrawal , Rahul Manche

Security operations centers (SOCs) are beginning to use large language models (LLMs) as copilots to draft incident-response plans. These plans may include actions that are valid per the catalog but still violate mandatory steps, required…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Sidnei Barbieri , Leonardo Vaz de Meneses , Ágney Lopes Roth Ferraz , Lourenço Alves Pereira Júnior

Existing synthetic tool-use corpora are primarily designed for offline supervised fine-tuning, yet reinforcement learning (RL) requires executable environments that support reward-checkable online rollouts. We propose COVERT, a two-stage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Siyuan Xu , Shiyang Li , Xin Liu , Tianyi Liu , Yixiao Li , Zhan Shi , Zixuan Zhang , Zilong Wang , Qingyu Yin , Jianshu Chen , Tuo Zhao , Bing Yin

Cyber attacks targeting Industrial Control Systems (ICS) have become increasingly sophisticated and hard to identify. Detecting such attacks requires integrating low-level behavioral cues with high-level semantic interpretation, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Konstantinos E. Kampourakis , Vasileios Gkioulos , Sokratis Katsikas