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AI agent protocols -- including MCP, A2A, ANP, and ACP -- enable autonomous agents to discover capabilities, delegate tasks, and compose services across trust boundaries. Despite massive deployment (MCP alone has 97M+ monthly SDK…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Shenghan Zheng , Qifan Zhang

In the artificial intelligence space, as we transition from isolated large language models to autonomous agents capable of complex reasoning and tool use. While foundational architectures and local context management protocols have been…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Naveen Kumar Krishnan

Agent communication remains a foundational problem in multi-agent systems: protocols such as FIPA-ACL guarantee semantic richness but are intractable for constrained environments, while lightweight IoT protocols achieve efficiency at the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Arnab Mallick , Indraveni Chebolu

AI agents today have passwords but no permission slips. They execute tool calls (fund transfers, database queries, shell commands, sub-agent delegation) with no standard mechanism to enforce authorization before the action executes. Current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Uchi Uchibeke

Large language model powered autonomous agents demand robust, standardized protocols to integrate tools, share contextual data, and coordinate tasks across heterogeneous systems. Ad-hoc integrations are difficult to scale, secure, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Abul Ehtesham , Aditi Singh , Gaurav Kumar Gupta , Saket Kumar

The temporal assumptions underpinning conventional Identity and Access Management collapse under agentic execution regimes. A sixty-second revocation window permits on the order of $6 \times 10^3$ unauthorized API calls at 100 ops/tick; at…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Vladyslav Parakhin

AI agents have become increasingly adept at complex tasks such as coding, reasoning, and multimodal understanding. However, building generalist systems requires moving beyond individual agents to collective inference -- a paradigm where…

Large language models increasingly operate as autonomous agents that select and invoke tools from large registries. We identify a critical gap: when unauthorized tools are visible in an agent's context, models select them in adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Rohith Uppala

Automated Alzheimer's Disease (AD) screening has predominantly followed the inductive paradigm of pattern recognition, which directly maps the input signal to the outcome label. This paradigm sacrifices construct validity of clinical…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jiawen Kang , Kun Li , Dongrui Han , Jinchao Li , Junan Li , Lingwei Meng , Xixin Wu , Helen Meng

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how AI agents discover and invoke external tools, with over 10,000 active servers and 97 million monthly SDK downloads as of early 2026. Yet MCP does not yet standardize how agents safely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vasundra Srinivasan

The rapid development of the AI agent communication protocols, including the Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent2Agent (A2A), Agora, and Agent Network Protocol (ANP), is reshaping how AI agents communicate with tools, services, and each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zeynab Anbiaee , Mahdi Rabbani , Mansur Mirani , Gunjan Piya , Igor Opushnyev , Ali Ghorbani , Sajjad Dadkhah

As artificial intelligence systems evolve from passive assistants into autonomous agents capable of executing consequential actions, the security boundary shifts from model outputs to tool execution. Traditional security paradigms - log…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Herman Errico

Traditional software relies on contracts -- APIs, type systems, assertions -- to specify and enforce correct behavior. AI agents, by contrast, operate on prompts and natural language instructions with no formal behavioral specification.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Varun Pratap Bhardwaj

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, the proliferation of autonomous agents has introduced new challenges in interoperability, scalability, and coordination. The Internet of Agents (IoA) aims to interconnect heterogeneous…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jun Liu , Ke Yu , Keliang Chen , Ke Li , Yuxinyue Qian , Xiaolian Guo , Haozhe Song , Yinming Li

Autonomous AI agents can remain fully authorized and still become unsafe as behavior drifts, adversaries adapt, and decision patterns shift without any code change. We propose the \textbf{Informational Viability Principle}: governing an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 German Marin , Jatin Chaudhary

Computer-use agents extend language models from text generation to persistent action over tools, files, and execution environments. Unlike chat systems, they maintain state across interactions and translate intermediate outputs into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yunhao Feng , Yifan Ding , Yingshui Tan , Xingjun Ma , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yifeng Gao , Kun Zhai , Yanming Guo

As autonomous agents (e.g., OpenClaw) increasingly operate with deep system-level privileges to execute complex tasks, they introduce severe, unmitigated security risks. Current vulnerability analyses overwhelmingly focus on single-turn,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jianan Ma , Xiaohu Du , Ruixiao Lin , Yaoxiang Bian , Jialuo Chen , Jingyi Wang , Xiaofang Yang , Shiwen Cui , Changhua Meng , Xinhao Deng , Zhen Wang

When should an autonomous agent commit resources to a task? We introduce the Agent Capability Problem (ACP), a framework for predicting whether an agent can solve a problem under resource constraints. Rather than relying on empirical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shahar Lutati

Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into AI agents that interact with external tools and environments to perform complex tasks. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become the de facto standard for connecting agents with such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Christoph Bühler , Matteo Biagiola , Luca Di Grazia , Guido Salvaneschi

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly foundational to complex, distributed workflows. Yet, the security of their underlying communication protocols remains critically under-examined. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yedidel Louck , Ariel Stulman , Amit Dvir
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