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Given independent samples from P and Q, two-sample permutation tests allow one to construct exact level tests when the null hypothesis is P=Q. On the other hand, when comparing or testing particular parameters $\theta$ of P and Q, such as…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-04-23 EunYi Chung , Joseph P. Romano

A bioequivalence study is a type of clinical trial designed to compare the biological equivalence of two different formulations of a drug. Such studies are typically conducted in controlled clinical settings with human subjects, who are…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-13 Kexuan Li , Susie Sinks , Peng Sun , Lingli Yang

We consider fits to two or more datasets for which results from the sa me experiment share a common systematic uncertainty in addition to their individ ual statistical errors. This is important in extracting the maximum information from a…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2020-09-29 Roger John Barlow

This paper investigates testing for deviation of a high-dimensional mean vector $\boldsymbol{\mu}$. In contrast to the standard one-sample significance test of the form: $H_0^\texttt{e} : \boldsymbol{\mu} = \boldsymbol{\mu}_0$ versus…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-20 Zengjing Chen , Ruihan Liu , Jianfeng Yao

Comparisons of different treatments or production processes are the goals of a significant fraction of applied research. Unsurprisingly, two-sample problems play a main role in Statistics through natural questions such as `Is the the new…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-05 P. C. Álvarez-Esteban , E. del Barrio , J. A. Cuesta-Albertos , C. Matrán

We treat the problem of testing independence between m continuous variables when m can be larger than the available sample size n. We consider three types of test statistics that are constructed as sums or sums of squares of pairwise rank…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-12-05 Dennis Leung , Mathias Drton

As with all measurements, the measurement of examinee ability, in terms of scores that the examinee obtains in a test, is also error-ridden. The quantification of such error or uncertainty in the test score data--or rather the complementary…

Applications · Statistics 2015-03-13 Satyendra Nath Chakrabartty , Kangrui Wang , Dalia Chakrabarty

Instead of testing solely a precise hypothesis, it is often useful to enlarge it with alternatives that are deemed to differ from it negligibly. For instance, in a bioequivalence study one might consider the hypothesis that the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Rodrigo F. L. Lassance , Rafael Izbicki , Rafael B. Stern

Classifiers commonly make use of pre-annotated datasets, wherein a model is evaluated by pre-defined metrics on a held-out test set typically made of human-annotated labels. Metrics used in these evaluations are tied to the availability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Yifan Ding , Nicholas Botzer , Tim Weninger

Experimental testing is vital in the optimization of web applications, and as such A/B testing has been widely adopted as a methodology for determining optimal content for many web applications. While some testing platforms provide…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-04 Ian E. Fellows

We develop a hypothesis testing framework for the formulation of the problems of 1) the validation of a simulation model and 2) using modeling to certify the performance of a physical system. These results are used to solve the…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-02-27 Clint Scovel , Ingo Steinwart

In 1986, Robert LaLonde published an article comparing nonexperimental estimates to experimental benchmarks (LaLonde 1986). He concluded that the nonexperimental methods at the time could not systematically replicate experimental…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-28 Guido Imbens , Yiqing Xu

We revisit the distributed hypothesis testing (or hypothesis testing with communication constraints) problem from the viewpoint of privacy. Instead of observing the raw data directly, the transmitter observes a sanitized or randomized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Atefeh Gilani , Selma Belhadj Amor , Sadaf Salehkalaibar , Vincent Y. F. Tan

With the global increase in experimental data artifacts, harnessing them in a unified fashion leads to a major stumbling block - bad metadata. To bridge this gap, this work presents a Natural Language Processing (NLP) informed application,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Sowmya S. Sundaram , Mark A. Musen

A/B testing is ubiquitous within the machine learning and data science operations of internet companies. Generically, the idea is to perform a statistical test of the hypothesis that a new feature is better than the existing platform---for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-11 David Goldberg , James E. Johndrow

In many machine learning settings there is an inherent tension between fairness and accuracy desiderata. How should one proceed in light of such trade-offs? In this work we introduce and study $\gamma$-disqualification, a new framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Guy N. Rothblum , Gal Yona

Hypothesis testing is a statistical inference approach used to determine whether data supports a specific hypothesis. An important type is the two-sample test, which evaluates whether two sets of data points are from identical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Weizhi Li , Visar Berisha , Gautam Dasarathy

Large-scale black-box models have become ubiquitous across numerous applications. Understanding the influence of individual training data sources on predictions made by these models is crucial for improving their trustworthiness. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Myeongseob Ko , Feiyang Kang , Weiyan Shi , Ming Jin , Zhou Yu , Ruoxi Jia

We study the asymptotic behaviour of widely used tests for evaluating and comparing predictive accuracy when forecast errors exhibit heavy tails. In particular, when loss differentials have infinite variance, the Diebold-Mariano test…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-20 Jonas F. Frederiksen , Muneya Matsui , Rasmus S. Pedersen

There are two distinct definitions of 'P-value' for evaluating a proposed hypothesis or model for the process generating an observed dataset. The original definition starts with a measure of the divergence of the dataset from what was…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2023-09-25 Sander Greenland