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The increasing scale and complexity of online platforms raises critical policy questions around harmful content, digital well-being, and user autonomy. Traditional content moderation systems rely on centralised, top-down rules, often…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ewelina Gajewska , Michal Wawer , Katarzyna Budzynska , Jaroslaw A. Chudziak

As social media platforms increasingly promote the use of user-enacted moderation tools (e.g., reporting, blocking, content filters) to address online harms, it becomes crucially important that such controls are usable for everyone. We…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sudhamshu Hosamane , Alyvia Walters , Yao Lyu , Shagun Jhaver

Despite the growing body of research tackling offensive language in social media, this research is predominantly reactive, determining if content already posted in social media is abusive. There is a gap in predictive approaches, which we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Raneem Alharthi , Rajwa Alharthi , Ravi Shekhar , Aiqi Jiang , Arkaitz Zubiaga

To meet the demands of content moderation, online platforms have resorted to automated systems. Newer forms of real-time engagement($\textit{e.g.}$, users commenting on live streams) on platforms like Twitch exert additional pressures on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Prarabdh Shukla , Wei Yin Chong , Yash Patel , Brennan Schaffner , Danish Pruthi , Arjun Bhagoji

This paper explores ways in which the harmful effects of cyber hate may be mitigated through mechanisms for enhancing the self governance of new digital spaces. We report findings from a mixed methods study of responses to cyber hate posts,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Rob Procter , Helena Webb , Marina Jirotka , Pete Burnap , William Housley , Adam Edwards , Matt Williams

Social media platforms utilize Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered recommendation algorithms to maximize user engagement, which can result in inadvertent exposure to harmful content. Current moderation efforts,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Rajvardhan Oak , Muhammad Haroon , Claire Jo , Magdalena Wojcieszak , Anshuman Chhabra

As internet access expands, so does exposure to harmful content, increasing the need for effective moderation. Research has demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can be effectively utilized for social media moderation tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hsuan-Yu Chou , Wajiha Naveed , Shuyan Zhou , Xiaowei Yang

Hate speech moderation remains a challenging task for social media platforms. Human-AI collaborative systems offer the potential to combine the strengths of humans' reliability and the scalability of machine learning to tackle this issue…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Philippe Lammerts , Philip Lippmann , Yen-Chia Hsu , Fabio Casati , Jie Yang

Social media platforms provide users the freedom of expression and a medium to exchange information and express diverse opinions. Unfortunately, this has also resulted in the growth of abusive content with the purpose of discriminating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sohail Akhtar , Valerio Basile , Viviana Patti

The detection of hate speech or toxic content online is a complex and sensitive issue. While the identification itself is highly dependent on the context of the situation, sensitive personal attributes such as age, language, and nationality…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Jan Fillies , Theodoros Mitsikas , Ralph Schäfermeier , Adrian Paschke

Unlike the more observable phenomenon of group opinion reinforcement, self-censorship online has received comparatively less attention. Our goal in this work is to dissect the phenomena of self-censorship and to examine the implications of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xinyu Wang , Emma Carpenetti , Bruce Desmarais , Sarah Rajtmajer

Moderating user-generated content on online platforms is crucial for balancing user safety and freedom of speech. Particularly in the United States, platforms are not subject to legal constraints prescribing permissible content. Each…

Studies on online hate speech have mostly focused on the automated detection of harmful messages. Little attention has been devoted so far to the development of effective strategies to fight hate speech, in particular through the creation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Yi-Ling Chung , Serra Sinem Tekiroglu , Sara Tonelli , Marco Guerini

This paper develops a theoretical model to study the economic incentives for a social media platform to moderate user-generated content. We show that a self-interested platform can use content moderation as an effective marketing tool to…

General Economics · Economics 2023-04-20 Yi Liu , Pinar Yildirim , Z. John Zhang

Current online moderation follows a one-size-fits-all approach, where each intervention is applied in the same way to all users. This naive approach is challenged by established socio-behavioral theories and by recent empirical results that…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Stefano Cresci , Amaury Trujillo , Tiziano Fagni

The widespread dissemination of hate speech, harassment, harmful and sexual content, and violence across websites and media platforms presents substantial challenges and provokes widespread concern among different sectors of society.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Nouar AlDahoul , Myles Joshua Toledo Tan , Harishwar Reddy Kasireddy , Yasir Zaki

Social media users may perceive moderation decisions by the platform differently, which can lead to frustration and dropout. This study investigates users' perceived justice and fairness of online moderation decisions when they are exposed…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jie Cai , Aashka Patel , Azadeh Naderi , Donghee Yvette Wohn

Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 John D Gallacher

The rise of social media has significantly increased the prevalence of cyberbullying (CB), posing serious risks to both mental and physical well-being. Effective detection systems are essential for mitigating its impact. While several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Tabia Tanzin Prama , Jannatul Ferdaws Amrin , Md. Mushfique Anwar , Iqbal H. Sarker

Counterspeech, i.e., responses to counteract potential harms of hateful speech, has become an increasingly popular solution to address online hate speech without censorship. However, properly countering hateful language requires countering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Jimin Mun , Emily Allaway , Akhila Yerukola , Laura Vianna , Sarah-Jane Leslie , Maarten Sap