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Quantum circuit equivalence checking asks whether two circuits implement the same unitary. It guarantees compiler correctness and safe optimization, yet most existing approaches scale exponentially with the number of qubits or the circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Daisuke Sakamoto , Soshun Naito , Yusei Mori , Kosuke Mitarai

Recent astonishing experiments with quantum computers have demonstrated unambiguously the existence of a quantum multiverse, where calculations of mind-boggling complexity are effortlessly computed in just a few minutes. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Brian R. La Cour , Noah A. Davis

The success of quantum circuits in providing reliable outcomes for a given problem depends on the gate count and depth in near-term noisy quantum computers. Quantum circuit compilers that decompose high-level gates to native gates of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-30 Subrata Das , Swaroop Ghosh

We provide a polynomial-time classical algorithm for noisy quantum circuits. The algorithm computes the expectation value of any observable for any circuit, with a small average error over input states drawn from an ensemble (e.g. the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Thomas Schuster , Chao Yin , Xun Gao , Norman Y. Yao

We investigate randomized benchmarking in a general setting with quantum gates that form a representation, not necessarily an irreducible one, of a finite group. We derive an estimate for the average fidelity, to which experimental data may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-23 Daniel Stilck França , Anna-Lena Hashagen

Quantum computing is transitioning from experimental prototypes to commercially available turnkey systems, making architecture-agnostic performance metrics essential for cross-platform comparison. Peaked Random Circuits (PRCs) have recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Martin Brieger , Florian Krötz , Minh Chung , Dieter Kranzlmüller

Recent work by Bravyi et al. constructs a relation problem that a noisy constant-depth quantum circuit (QNC$^0$) can solve with near certainty (probability $1 - o(1)$), but that any bounded fan-in constant-depth classical circuit (NC$^0$)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-29 Daniel Grier , Nathan Ju , Luke Schaeffer

We present an algorithm for efficiently approximating of qubit unitaries over gate sets derived from totally definite quaternion algebras. It achieves $\varepsilon$-approximations using circuits of length $O(\log(1/\varepsilon))$, which is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-16 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Alex Bocharov , Martin Roetteler , Jon Yard

The current generation of quantum computing technologies call for quantum algorithms that require a limited number of qubits and quantum gates, and which are robust against errors. A suitable design approach are variational circuits where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-10 Maria Schuld , Alex Bocharov , Krysta Svore , Nathan Wiebe

Logical qubits can be protected from decoherence by performing QEC cycles repeatedly. Algorithms for fault-tolerant QEC must be compiled to the specific hardware platform under consideration in order to practically realize a quantum memory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Sascha Heußen , David F. Locher , Markus Müller

Standard randomized benchmarking protocols entail sampling from a unitary 2 design, which is not always practical. In this article we examine randomized benchmarking protocols based on subgroups of the Clifford group that are not unitary 2…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-20 Winton G. Brown , Bryan Eastin

We apply two variations of the principle of Minimum Cross Entropy (the Kullback information measure) to fit parameterized probability density models to observed data densities. For an array beamforming problem with P incident narrowband…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-06-24 Cheng-Yuan Liou , Bruce R. Musicus

We implement a complete randomized benchmarking protocol on a system of two superconducting qubits. The protocol consists of randomizing over gates in the Clifford group, which experimentally are generated via an improved two-qubit…

The unitary design formation in random circuits has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of practical applications and relevance to fundamental physics. While the formation rates in Haar random circuits have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Toshihiro Yada , Ryotaro Suzuki , Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

A computer code can simulate a system's propagation of variation from random inputs to output measures of quality. Our aim here is to estimate a critical output tail probability or quantile without a large Monte Carlo experiment. Instead,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-16 Hao Chen , William J. Welch

We study the problem of compilation of quantum algorithms into optimized physical-level circuits executable in a quantum information processing (QIP) experiment based on trapped atomic ions. We report a complete strategy: starting with an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-22 Dmitri Maslov

We present the first computationally-efficient algorithm for average-case learning of shallow quantum circuits with many-qubit gates. Specifically, we provide a quasi-polynomial time and sample complexity algorithm for learning unknown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 Francisca Vasconcelos , Hsin-Yuan Huang

Photonic architectures are one of the leading platforms for demonstrating quantum computational advantage, with Boson Sampling and Gaussian Boson Sampling as the primary schemes. Yet, we lack for these photonic primitives a systematic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Zoltán Kolarovszki , Ágoston Kaposi , Zoltán Zimborás , Michał Oszmaniec

The capacity to randomly pick a unitary across the whole unitary group is a powerful tool across physics and quantum information. A unitary $t$-design is designed to tackle this challenge in an efficient way, yet constructions to date rely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Rawad Mezher , Joe Ghalbouni , Joseph Dgheim , Damian Markham

Benchmarking methods that can be adapted to multi-qubit systems are essential for assessing the overall or "holistic" performance of nascent quantum processors. The current industry standard is Clifford randomized benchmarking (RB), which…

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