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Quantum machine learning (QML) has become a promising area for real world applications of quantum computers, but near-term methods and their scalability are still important research topics. In this context, we analyze the trainability and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Léo Monbroussou , Eliott Z. Mamon , Jonas Landman , Alex B. Grilo , Romain Kukla , Elham Kashefi

Hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithms are one of the most propitious implementations of quantum computing on near-term devices, offering classical machine learning support to quantum scale solution spaces. However, numerous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Taylor L. Patti , Khadijeh Najafi , Xun Gao , Susanne F. Yelin

The quest for successful variational quantum machine learning (QML) relies on the design of suitable parametrized quantum circuits (PQCs), as analogues to neural networks in classical machine learning. Successful QML models must fulfill the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Elies Gil-Fuster , Casper Gyurik , Adrián Pérez-Salinas , Vedran Dunjko

Quantum generative models use the intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to learn and reproduce complex probability distributions. In this paper, we present an implementation of a 3-qubit quantum circuit Born machine trained to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Soumyadip Sarkar

Variational quantum algorithms are promising candidates for near-term quantum computing but can be hindered by barren plateaus, where gradients vanish exponentially and optimization becomes intractable. Noise-Induced Barren Plateaus (NIBP)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Sebastian Schmitt , Linus Ekstrøm , Alberto Bottarelli , Xavier Bonet-Monroig

Training quantum neural networks (QNNs) using gradient-based or gradient-free classical optimisation approaches is severely impacted by the presence of barren plateaus in the cost landscapes. In this paper, we devise a framework for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Yidong Liao , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Chris Ferrie

There has been significant recent interest in quantum neural networks (QNNs), along with their applications in diverse domains. Current solutions for QNNs pose significant challenges concerning their scalability, ensuring that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-24 Mohsen Heidari , Ananth Grama , Wojciech Szpankowski

Modeling probability distributions via the wave function of a quantum state is central to quantum-inspired generative modeling and quantum state tomography (QST). We investigate a common failure mode in training randomly initialized matrix…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-05-13 Xun Tang , Yuehaw Khoo , Lexing Ying

While Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) offer a theoretical paradigm for quantum machine learning, their practical implementation is severely bottlenecked by barren plateaus -- the exponential vanishing of gradients -- and poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Radhakrishnan Delhibabu

Quantum machine learning (QML) is the spearhead of quantum computer applications. In particular, quantum neural networks (QNN) are actively studied as the method that works both in near-term quantum computers and fault-tolerant quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-07 Kouhei Nakaji , Hiroyuki Tezuka , Naoki Yamamoto

Quantum machine learning has become an area of growing interest but has certain theoretical and hardware-specific limitations. Notably, the problem of vanishing gradients, or barren plateaus, renders the training impossible for circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-31 Mo Kordzanganeh , Pavel Sekatski , Leonid Fedichkin , Alexey Melnikov

When compared to fault-tolerant quantum computational strategies, variational quantum algorithms stand as one of the candidates with the potential of achieving quantum advantage for real-world applications in the near term. However, the…

Quantum mechanics is inherently probabilistic in light of Born's rule. Using quantum circuits as probabilistic generative models for classical data exploits their superior expressibility and efficient direct sampling ability. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-15 Jinfeng Zeng , Yufeng Wu , Jin-Guo Liu , Lei Wang , Jiangping Hu

Quantum circuit partitioning (QCP) is a hybrid quantum-classical approach that aims to simulate large quantum systems on smaller quantum computers. A quantum computation is divided into smaller subsystems and results of measurements on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Stian Bilek

Instantaneous quantum polynomial-time (IQP) computation is a class of quantum computation consisting only of commuting two-qubit gates and is not universal in the sense of standard quantum computation. Nevertheless, it has been shown that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-06 Keisuke Fujii , Tomoyuki Morimae

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) have generated excitement around the possibility of efficiently analyzing quantum data. But this excitement has been tempered by the existence of exponentially vanishing gradients, known as barren plateau…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Arthur Pesah , M. Cerezo , Samson Wang , Tyler Volkoff , Andrew T. Sornborger , Patrick J. Coles

In recent years, researchers have been exploring ways to generalize Boltzmann machines (BMs) to quantum systems, leading to the development of variations such as fully-visible and restricted quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs). Due to the…

Quantum generative modeling using quantum circuit Born machines (QCBMs) shows promising potential for practical quantum advantage. However, discovering ans\"atze that are both expressive and hardware-efficient remains a key challenge,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Yaswitha Gujju , Romain Harang , Tetsuo Shibuya

This paper investigates photonic continuous-variable Born machines (CVBMs), which utilize photonic quantum states as resources for continuous probability distributions. Implementing exact gradient descent in the CVBM training process is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-16 Zoltán Kolarovszki , Dániel T. R. Nagy , Zoltán Zimborás

Quantum machine learning is a promising field for efficiently learning features of a dataset to perform a specified task, such as classification. Interval bound propagation (IBP) is a popular certified training method in classical machine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Emma Andrews , Nahyeon Kim , Prabhat Mishra