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Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as the leading strategy to obtain quantum advantage on the current noisy intermediate-scale devices. However, their entanglement-trainability correlation, as the major reason for the barren…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Shikun Zhang , Yang Zhou , Zheng Qin , Rui Li , Chunxiao Du , Zhisong Xiao , Yongyou Zhang

Leveraging the intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum systems, generative quantum machine learning (QML) offers the potential to outperform classical learning models. Current generative QML algorithms mostly rely on general-purpose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-06 Bence Bakó , Dániel T. R. Nagy , Péter Hága , Zsófia Kallus , Zoltán Zimborás

The intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics invokes endeavors of designing quantum generative learning models (QGLMs). Despite the empirical achievements, the foundations and the potential advantages of QGLMs remain largely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-08 Yuxuan Du , Zhuozhuo Tu , Bujiao Wu , Xiao Yuan , Dacheng Tao

We propose an approach to generative quantum machine learning that overcomes the fundamental scaling issues of variational quantum circuits. The core idea is to use a class of generative models based on instantaneous quantum polynomial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-09 Erik Recio-Armengol , Shahnawaz Ahmed , Joseph Bowles

Quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs) are generative models with potential advantages in quantum machine learning, yet their training is fundamentally limited by the barren plateau problem, where gradients vanish exponentially with system size.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Takeshi Kimura , Kohtaro Kato , Masahito Hayashi

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have been widely used as a machine learning model to explore the potential of achieving quantum advantages for various tasks. However, training PQCs is notoriously challenging owing to the phenomenon of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-06 Yabo Wang , Bo Qi , Chris Ferrie , Daoyi Dong

This research explores the trainability of Parameterized Quantum circuit-based policies in Reinforcement Learning, an area that has recently seen a surge in empirical exploration. While some studies suggest improved sample complexity using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-17 André Sequeira , Luis Paulo Santos , Luis Soares Barbosa

The search for an application of near-term quantum devices is widespread. Quantum Machine Learning is touted as a potential utilisation of such devices, particularly those which are out of the reach of the simulation capabilities of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-28 Brian Coyle , Daniel Mills , Vincent Danos , Elham Kashefi

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have emerged as a foundational element in the development and applications of quantum algorithms. However, when initialized with random parameter values, PQCs often exhibit barren plateaus (BP). These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Rashid , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muhammad Shafique

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) are a framework for creating quantum algorithms that promises to combine the speedups of quantum computation with the widespread successes of machine learning. A major challenge in QNN development is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-18 Maria Kieferova , Ortiz Marrero Carlos , Nathan Wiebe

In machine learning, overparameterization is associated with qualitative changes in the empirical risk landscape, which can lead to more efficient training dynamics. For many parameterized models used in statistical learning, there exists a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Andrea Delgado , Francisco Rios , Kathleen E. Hamilton

In recent proposals of quantum circuit models for generative tasks, the discussion about their performance has been limited to their ability to reproduce a known target distribution. For example, expressive model families such as Quantum…

Parametrized quantum circuits initialized with random initial parameter values are characterized by barren plateaus where the gradient becomes exponentially small in the number of qubits. In this technical note we theoretically motivate and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-11 Edward Grant , Leonard Wossnig , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Marcello Benedetti

A new paradigm for data science has emerged, with quantum data, quantum models, and quantum computational devices. This field, called Quantum Machine Learning (QML), aims to achieve a speedup over traditional machine learning for data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-24 Supanut Thanasilp , Samson Wang , Nhat A. Nghiem , Patrick J. Coles , M. Cerezo

Parameterized quantum circuits used as variational ans\"atze are emerging as promising tools to tackle complex problems ranging from quantum chemistry to combinatorial optimization. These variational quantum circuits can suffer from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Valentin Heyraud , Zejian Li , Kaelan Donatella , Alexandre Le Boité , Cristiano Ciuti

Many experimental proposals for noisy intermediate scale quantum devices involve training a parameterized quantum circuit with a classical optimization loop. Such hybrid quantum-classical algorithms are popular for applications in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-04 Jarrod R. McClean , Sergio Boixo , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Ryan Babbush , Hartmut Neven

Machine learning is widely believed to be one of the most promising practical applications of quantum computing. Existing quantum machine learning schemes typically employ a quantum-classical hybrid approach that relies crucially on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-11 Qi Ye , Shuangyue Geng , Zizhao Han , Weikang Li , L. -M. Duan , Dong-Ling Deng

We study a practical question in generative quantum machine learning: given a classical dataset, can we determine, before training, whether it is well suited to a quantum generative model? We focus on a class of quantum circuits known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Chen-Yu Liu , Leonardo Placidi , Eric Brunner , Enrico Rinaldi

Quantum supervised learning, utilizing variational circuits, stands out as a promising technology for NISQ devices due to its efficiency in hardware resource utilization during the creation of quantum feature maps and the implementation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-15 Anton Simen Albino , Rodrigo Bloot , Otto M. Pires , Erick G. S. Nascimento

The training of a parameterized model largely depends on the landscape of the underlying loss function. In particular, vanishing gradients are a central bottleneck in the scalability of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), and are known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-26 Alistair Letcher , Stefan Woerner , Christa Zoufal