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Activation function is crucial to the recent successes of deep neural networks. In this paper, we first propose a new activation function, Multiple Parametric Exponential Linear Units (MPELU), aiming to generalize and unify the rectified…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-01-18 Yang Li , Chunxiao Fan , Yong Li , Qiong Wu , Yue Ming

The selection of initial parameter values for gradient-based optimization of deep neural networks is one of the most impactful hyperparameter choices in deep learning systems, affecting both convergence times and model performance. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Wei Hu , Lechao Xiao , Jeffrey Pennington

A proper initialization of the weights in a neural network is critical to its convergence. Current insights into weight initialization come primarily from linear activation functions. In this paper, I develop a theory for weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-04 Siddharth Krishna Kumar

Recent work in signal propagation theory has shown that dropout limits the depth to which information can propagate through a neural network. In this paper, we investigate the effect of initialisation on training speed and generalisation…

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been successfully applied to a variety of problems involving sequential data, but their optimization is sensitive to parameter initialization, architecture, and optimizer hyperparameters. Considering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Ryan Vogt , Maximilian Puelma Touzel , Eli Shlizerman , Guillaume Lajoie

We study the average robustness notion in deep neural networks in (selected) wide and narrow, deep and shallow, as well as lazy and non-lazy training settings. We prove that in the under-parameterized setting, width has a negative effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Zhenyu Zhu , Fanghui Liu , Grigorios G Chrysos , Volkan Cevher

This paper introduces conformal Lyapunov optimization (CLO), a novel resource allocation framework for networked systems that optimizes average long-term objectives, while satisfying deterministic long-term reliability constraints. Unlike…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-16 Francesco Binucci , Osvaldo Simeone , Paolo Banelli

Training a neural network requires choosing a suitable learning rate, which involves a trade-off between speed and effectiveness of convergence. While there has been considerable theoretical and empirical analysis of how large the learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-29 Gaurav Iyer , Boris Hanin , David Rolnick

Deep neural networks are notorious for defying theoretical treatment. However, when the number of parameters in each layer tends to infinity, the network function is a Gaussian process (GP) and quantitatively predictive description is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Darshil Doshi , Tianyu He , Andrey Gromov

This paper investigates multilevel initialization strategies for training very deep neural networks with a layer-parallel multigrid solver. The scheme is based on the continuous interpretation of the training problem as a problem of optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Eric C. Cyr , Stefanie Günther , Jacob B. Schroder

We compute how small input perturbations affect the output of deep neural networks, exploring an analogy between deep networks and dynamical systems, where the growth or decay of local perturbations is characterised by finite-time Lyapunov…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-10-01 L. Storm , H. Linander , J. Bec , K. Gustavsson , B. Mehlig

Benign overfitting refers to how over-parameterized neural networks can fit training data perfectly and generalize well to unseen data. While this has been widely investigated theoretically, existing works are limited to two-layer networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Shuning Shang , Xuran Meng , Yuan Cao , Difan Zou

Determining the optimal depth of a neural network is a fundamental yet challenging problem, typically resolved through resource-intensive experimentation. This paper introduces a formal theoretical framework to address this question by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Qian Qi

Deep neural networks have been successful in many predictive modeling tasks, such as image and language recognition, where large neural networks are often used to obtain good accuracy. Consequently, it is challenging to deploy these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Thiago Serra , Abhinav Kumar , Srikumar Ramalingam

In this work, we study the nonlinear dynamics of a shallow neural network trained with mean-squared loss and leaky ReLU activation. Under Gaussian inputs and equal layer width k, (1) we establish, based on the equivariant gradient degree, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-30 Jingzhou Liu

Proper weight initialization prior to training has historically been one of the key factors that helped kick off the deep learning revolution. Initialization is even more crucial in "reservoir computing", where the weights of a readout…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tommaso Fioratti , Riccardo Marcaccioli , Francesco Casola

Recent theoretical work has demonstrated that deep neural networks have superior performance over shallow networks, but their training is more difficult, e.g., they suffer from the vanishing gradient problem. This problem can be typically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-03 Lu Lu , Yanhui Su , George Em Karniadakis

Stochastic regularisation is an important weapon in the arsenal of a deep learning practitioner. However, despite recent theoretical advances, our understanding of how noise influences signal propagation in deep neural networks remains…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-03 Arnu Pretorius , Elan Van Biljon , Steve Kroon , Herman Kamper

We consider the problem of learning an unknown ReLU network with respect to Gaussian inputs and obtain the first nontrivial results for networks of depth more than two. We give an algorithm whose running time is a fixed polynomial in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Sitan Chen , Adam R. Klivans , Raghu Meka

ReLU is a widely used activation function in deep neural networks. This paper explores the stability properties of the ReLU map. For any weight matrix $\boldsymbol{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$ and bias vector $\boldsymbol{b} \in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yu Xia , Haoyu Zhou