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In this paper, we introduce OSUniverse: a benchmark of complex, multimodal desktop-oriented tasks for advanced GUI-navigation AI agents that focuses on ease of use, extensibility, comprehensive coverage of test cases, and automated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Mariya Davydova , Daniel Jeffries , Patrick Barker , Arturo Márquez Flores , Sinéad Ryan

Sketches are a natural and accessible medium for UI designers to conceptualize early-stage ideas. However, existing research on UI/UX automation often requires high-fidelity inputs like Figma designs or detailed screenshots, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ryan Li , Yanzhe Zhang , Diyi Yang

Reusable skills are becoming a common interface for extending large language model agents, packaging procedural guidance with access to files, tools, memory, and execution environments. However, this modularity introduces attack surfaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chang Jin , An Wang , Zeming Wei , Kai Wang , Biaojie Zeng , Qiaosheng Zhang , Chao Yang , Jingjing Qu , Xia Hu , Xingcheng Xu

Multi-modal AI systems will likely become a ubiquitous presence in our everyday lives. A promising approach to making these systems more interactive is to embody them as agents within physical and virtual environments. At present, systems…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have made significant progress in automating digital tasks through the utilization of computer vision and language models. Nevertheless, existing agent systems encounter notable limitations. Firstly,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jinjie Wei , Jiyao Liu , Lihao Liu , Ming Hu , Junzhi Ning , Mingcheng Li , Weijie Yin , Junjun He , Xiao Liang , Chao Feng , Dingkang Yang

With the rapid development of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), they are increasingly deployed as autonomous computer-use agents capable of accomplishing complex computer tasks. However, a pressing issue arises: Can the safety risk…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Jingyi Yang , Shuai Shao , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao

Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable potential to act as computer agents, enhancing human productivity and software accessibility in multi-modal tasks that require planning and reasoning. However, measuring agent performance in…

Today's AI models learn primarily through mimicry and refining, so it is not surprising that they struggle to solve problems beyond the limits set by existing data. To solve novel problems, agents should acquire skills for exploring and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Raj Ghugare , Roger Creus Castanyer , Catherine Ji , Kathryn Wantlin , Jin Schofield , Karthik Narasimhan , Benjamin Eysenbach

We present MUG, a novel interactive task for multimodal grounding where a user and an agent work collaboratively on an interface screen. Prior works modeled multimodal UI grounding in one round: the user gives a command and the agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Tao Li , Gang Li , Jingjie Zheng , Purple Wang , Yang Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have revolutionized GUI automation, yet their efficacy is largely established on idealized, single-layer interfaces. This paper identifies a critical reliability gap: state-of-the-art agents face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haoren Zhao , Tianyi Chen , Zhen Wang

As Computational Thinking (CT) continues to permeate younger age groups in K-12 education, established CT platforms such as Scratch face challenges in catering to these younger learners, particularly those in the elementary school (ages…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Liuqing Chen , Shuhong Xiao , Yunnong Chen , Ruoyu Wu , Yaxuan Song , Lingyun Sun

Autonomous agents that address day-to-day digital tasks (e.g., ordering groceries for a household), must not only operate multiple apps (e.g., notes, messaging, shopping app) via APIs, but also generate rich code with complex control flow…

GUI agents drive applications through their visual interfaces instead of programmatic APIs, interacting with arbitrary software via taps, swipes, and keystrokes, reaching a long tail of applications that CLI-based agents cannot. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Fei Tang , Zhiqiong Lu , Boxuan Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang , Yongliang Shen

Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have shown remarkable progress in code generation. However, current agent methods mainly rely on text-output-based feedback (e.g. command-line outputs) for multi-round debugging and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhilin Liu , Ye Huang , Ting Xie , Ruizhi Zhang , Wen Li , Lixin Duan

AI agents are expected to perform professional work across hundreds of occupational domains (from emergency department triage to nuclear reactor safety monitoring to customs import processing), yet existing benchmarks can only evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Xiaomeng Hu , Yinger Zhang , Fei Huang , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Lianghao Deng , Yuxuan Liu , Yantao Liu , Dayiheng Liu , Tsung-Yi Ho

We introduce WebGames, a comprehensive benchmark suite designed to evaluate general-purpose web-browsing AI agents through a collection of 50+ interactive challenges. These challenges are specifically crafted to be straightforward for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 George Thomas , Alex J. Chan , Jikun Kang , Wenqi Wu , Filippos Christianos , Fraser Greenlee , Andy Toulis , Marvin Purtorab

With advances in decision-making and reasoning capabilities, multimodal agents show strong potential in computer application scenarios. Past evaluations have mainly assessed GUI interaction skills, while tool invocation abilities, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Hongrui Jia , Jitong Liao , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Tianbao Xie , Chaoya Jiang , Ming Yan , Si Liu , Wei Ye , Fei Huang

Programming industrial robots is not very intuitive, and the programmer has to be a domain expert for e.g. welding and programming to know how the task is optimally executed. For SMEs such employees are not affordable, nor cost-effective.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Stefan Profanter

Recent advancements in Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have predominantly focused on training paradigms like supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL). However, the challenge of high-dynamic GUI environments remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enqi Liu , Liyuan Pan , Zhi Gao , Yan Yang , Chenrui Shi , Yang Liu , Jingrong Wu , Qing Li

Interface agents powered by generative AI models (referred to as "agents") can automate actions based on user commands. An important aspect of developing agents is their user experience (i.e., agent experience). There is a growing need to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jenny T. Liang , Titus Barik , Jeffrey Nichols , Eldon Schoop , Ruijia Cheng