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Measuring personal disclosures made in human-chatbot interactions can provide a better understanding of users' AI literacy and facilitate privacy research for large language models (LLMs). We run an extensive, fine-grained analysis on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Niloofar Mireshghallah , Maria Antoniak , Yash More , Yejin Choi , Golnoosh Farnadi

AI chatbots designed as emotional companions blur the boundaries between interpersonal intimacy and institutional software, creating a complex, multi-dimensional privacy environment. Drawing on Communication Privacy Management theory and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Hsuen-Chi Chiu , Jeremy Foote

As Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into everyday life, AI-powered chatbot mobile applications are increasingly adopted across industries, particularly in the healthcare domain. These chatbots offer…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ramazan Yener , Guan-Hung Chen , Ece Gumusel , Masooda Bashir

Romantic AI chatbots have quickly attracted users, but their emotional use raises concerns about privacy and safety. As people turn to these systems for intimacy, comfort, and emotionally significant interaction, they often disclose highly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Kazi Ababil Azam , Imtiaz Karim , Dipto Das

Publicly deploying research chatbots is a nuanced topic involving necessary risk-benefit analyses. While there have recently been frequent discussions on whether it is responsible to deploy such models, there has been far less focus on the…

Standardized surveys scale efficiently but sacrifice depth, while conversational interviews improve response quality at the cost of scalability and consistency. This study bridges the gap between these methods by introducing a framework for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Soubhik Barari , Jarret Angbazo , Natalie Wang , Leah M. Christian , Elizabeth Dean , Zoe Slowinski , Brandon Sepulvado

The rise of increasingly more powerful chatbots offers a new way to collect information through conversational surveys, where a chatbot asks open-ended questions, interprets a user's free-text responses, and probes answers whenever needed.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Ziang Xiao , Michelle X. Zhou , Q. Vera Liao , Gloria Mark , Changyan Chi , Wenxi Chen , Huahai Yang

Generic AI auto-complete for message composition often fails to capture the nuance of personal identity, requiring editing. While harmless in low-stakes settings, for users of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices, who…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Tobias M. Weinberg , Ricardo E. Gonzalez Penuela , Stephanie Valencia , Thijs Roumen

This study presents a unique framework that applies and extends Solove (2006)'s taxonomy to address privacy concerns in interactions with text-based AI chatbots. As chatbot prevalence grows, concerns about user privacy have heightened.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Ece Gumusel , Kyrie Zhixuan Zhou , Madelyn Rose Sanfilippo

Through advances in their conversational abilities, chatbots have started to request and process an increasing variety of sensitive personal information. The accurate disclosure of sensitive information is essential where it is used to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Rahime Belen Saglam , Jason R. C. Nurse , Duncan Hodges

LLM-powered chatbots are becoming widely adopted in applications such as healthcare, personal assistants, industry hiring decisions, etc. In many of these cases, chatbots are fed sensitive, personal information in their prompts, as samples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Aman Priyanshu , Supriti Vijay , Ayush Kumar , Rakshit Naidu , Fatemehsadat Mireshghallah

Introduction: The use of chatbots is becoming increasingly important across various aspects of daily life. However, the privacy concerns associated with these communications have not yet been thoroughly addressed. The aim of this study was…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Julia Ive , Vishal Yadav , Mariia Ignashina , Matthew Rand , Paulina Bondaronek

As conversational AI systems become more realistic and widely deployed, users are increasingly uncertain about whether they are interacting with a human or an AI system. When AI identity is unclear, users may unwittingly share sensitive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Anna Gausen , Sarenne Wallbridge , Hannah Rose Kirk , Jennifer Williams , Christopher Summerfield

Chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) have rapidly become a significant part of everyday life, with over a quarter of American adults using them multiple times per week. While these tools offer potential benefits and risks, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Joseph Heffner , Chongyu Qin , Martin Chadwick , Chris Knutsen , Christopher Summerfield , Zeb Kurth-Nelson , Robb B. Rutledge

AI chatbots are becoming a primary interface for seeking information. As their popularity grows, chatbot providers are starting to deploy advertising and analytics. Despite this, tracking on AI chatbots has not been systematically studied.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Muhammad Jazlan , Ethan Wang , Yash Vekaria , Zubair Shafiq

Self-disclosure counts as a key factor influencing successful health treatment, particularly when it comes to building a functioning patient-therapist-connection. To this end, the use of chatbots may be considered a promising puzzle piece…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Anna Stock , Stephan Schlögl , Aleksander Groth

As AI chatbots shift from tools to companions, critical questions arise: who controls the conversation in human-AI chatrooms? This paper explores perceived human and AI agency in sustained conversation. We report a month-long longitudinal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Bhada Yun , Evgenia Taranova , April Yi Wang

Chatbots are popular machine partners for task-oriented and social interactions. Human-human computer-mediated communication research has explored how people express their gender and sexuality in online social interactions, but little is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Justin Edwards , Leigh Clark , Allison Perrone

As AI chatbots increasingly incorporate empathy, understanding user-centered perceptions of chatbot empathy and its impact on conversation quality remains essential yet under-explored. This study examines how chatbot identity and perceived…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Tingting Liu , Salvatore Giorgi , Ankit Aich , Allison Lahnala , Brenda Curtis , Lyle Ungar , João Sedoc

AI chatbots have quietly become the world's most popular therapists, coaches, and confidants. Users of cloud-based LLM services are increasingly shifting from simple queries like idea generation and poem writing, to deeply personal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Max Holschneider , Saetbyeol LeeYouk
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