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The ability of a deep learning network to distinguish between in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for ensuring the reliability and trustworthiness of AI systems. Existing OOD detection methods often involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Gagandeep Singh , Ishan Mishra , Deepak Mishra

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safely deploying deep models in open-world environments, where inputs may lie outside the training distribution. During inference on a model trained exclusively with In-Distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiawei Gu , Ziyue Qiao , Zechao Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the safe deployment of neural networks. Existing CLIP-based approaches perform OOD detection by devising novel scoring functions or sophisticated fine-tuning methods. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yixia Li , Boya Xiong , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Deep neural networks are known to achieve superior results in classification tasks. However, it has been recently shown that they are incapable to detect examples that are generated by a distribution which is different than the one they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Aristotelis-Angelos Papadopoulos , Nazim Shaikh , Mohammad Reza Rajati

We present a principled approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) and adversarial samples in deep neural networks. Our approach consists in modeling the outputs of the various layers (deep features) with parametric probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-27 Nilesh A. Ahuja , Ibrahima Ndiour , Trushant Kalyanpur , Omesh Tickoo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is paramount to ensuring the reliability and robustness of learning models in real-world applications. Existing post-hoc OOD detection methods detect OOD samples by leveraging their features and logits…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Kun Zou , Yongheng Xu , Jianxing Yu , Yan Pan , Jian Yin , Hanjiang Lai

In the problem of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, the usage of auxiliary data as outlier data for fine-tuning has demonstrated encouraging performance. However, previous methods have suffered from a trade-off between classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Hyunjun Choi , JaeHo Chung , Hawook Jeong , Jin Young Choi

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) faces a critical challenge of overestimating the value of out-of-distribution (OOD) actions. Existing methods mitigate this issue by penalizing unseen samples, yet they fail to accurately identify OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Qingjun Wang , Hongtu Zhou , Hang Yu , Junqiao Zhao , Yanping Zhao , Chen Ye , Ziqiao Wang , Guang Chen

The ability to detect unfamiliar or unexpected images is essential for safe deployment of computer vision systems. In the context of classification, the task of detecting images outside of a model's training domain is known as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify inputs that differ from the training distribution in order to reduce unreliable predictions by deep neural networks. Among post-hoc feature-space approaches, OOD detection is commonly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Mohamed Bahi Yahiaoui , Geoffrey Daniel , Loïc Giraldi , Jérémie Bruyelle , Julyan Arbel

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has received much attention lately due to its importance in the safe deployment of neural networks. One of the key challenges is that models lack supervision signals from unknown data, and as a result,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Xuefeng Du , Zhaoning Wang , Mu Cai , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the deployment of machine learning models in the open world. While existing OOD detectors are effective in identifying OOD samples that deviate significantly from in-distribution (ID) data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Siddharth Garg , Farshad Khorrami

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection holds significant importance across many applications. While semantic and domain-shift OOD problems are well-studied, this work focuses on covariate shifts - subtle variations in the data distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Francisco Caetano , Christiaan Viviers , Luis A. Zavala-Mondragón , Peter H. N. de With , Fons van der Sommen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a key role in enhancing the robustness of artificial intelligence systems by identifying inputs that differ significantly from the training distribution, thereby preventing unreliable predictions…

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently gained substantial attention due to the importance of identifying out-of-domain samples in reliability and safety. Although OOD detection methods have advanced by a great deal, they are still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Arshia Soltani Moakhar , Arman Zarei , Reihaneh Zohrabi , Mohammad Taghi Manzuri , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) graphs is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of Graph Neural Networks. In unsupervised graph-level OOD detection, models are typically trained using only in-distribution (ID) data, resulting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Li Sun , Lanxu Yang , Jiayu Tian , Bowen Fang , Xiaoyan Yu , Junda Ye , Peng Tang , Hao Peng , Philip S. Yu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important task in machine learning systems for ensuring their reliability and safety. Deep probabilistic generative models facilitate OOD detection by estimating the likelihood of a data sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jaemoo Choi , Changyeon Yoon , Jeongwoo Bae , Myungjoo Kang

The out-of-distribution (OOD) problem generally arises when neural networks encounter data that significantly deviates from the training data distribution, i.e., in-distribution (InD). In this paper, we study the OOD problem from a neuron…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yibing Liu , Chris Xing Tian , Haoliang Li , Lei Ma , Shiqi Wang

Most classification and segmentation datasets assume a closed-world scenario in which predictions are expressed as distribution over a predetermined set of visual classes. However, such assumption implies unavoidable and often unnoticeable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Petra Bevandić , Ivan Krešo , Marin Oršić , Siniša Šegvić
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