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Large n-body simulations with fully interacting objects represent the next frontier in computational planetary formation studies. In this paper, we present Mercury-Opal, the GPU-accelerated version of the n-body planet formation code…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-28 Paolo Simonetti , Diego Turrini , Romolo Politi , Scigé J. Liu , Sergio Fonte , Danae Polychroni , Stavro Lambrov Ivanovski

In models of planetary accretion, pebbles form by dust coagulation and rapidly migrate toward the central star. Planetesimals may continuously form from pebbles over the age of the protoplanetary disk by yet uncertain mechanisms. Meanwhile,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-17 Ryuji Morishima

Planet formation models have been developed during the last years in order to try to reproduce the observations of both the solar system, and the extrasolar planets. Some of these models have partially succeeded, focussing however on…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Y. Alibert , F. Carron , A. Fortier , S. Pfyffer , W. Benz , C. Mordasini , D. Swoboda

Much of a planet's composition could be determined right at the onset of formation. Laboratory experiments can constrain these early steps. This includes static tensile strength measurements or collisions carried out under Earth's gravity…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-31 Gerhard Wurm

The origin of Mercury still remains poorly understood compared to the other rocky planets of the Solar System. One of the most relevant constraints that any formation model has to fulfill refers to its internal structure, with a predominant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-05 Patrick Franco , Fernando Roig , Othon C. Winter , Rafael Sfair , Christoph Burger , Christoph M. Schäfer

The inner solar system's modern orbital architecture provides inferences into the epoch of terrestrial planet formation; a ~100 Myr time period of planet growth via collisions with planetesimals and other proto-planets. While classic…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-08 Matthew S. Clement , John E. Chambers , Nathan A. Kaib , Sean N. Raymond , Alan P. Jackson

During the late stage of planet formation when Mars-size cores appear, interactions among planetary cores can excite their orbital eccentricities, speed their merges and thus sculpture the final architecture of planet systems. This series…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-13 Huigen Liu , Ji-lin Zhou , S. Wang

We present the results of planet formation N-body simulations based on a comprehensive physical model that includes planetary mass growth through mutual embryo collisions and planetesimal/boulder accretion, viscous disc evolution, planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-17 Gavin A. L. Coleman , Richard P. Nelson

Modern terrestrial planet formation models are highly successful at consistently generating planets with masses and orbits analogous to those of Earth and Venus. In stark contrast to classic theoretical predictions and inferred demographics…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-23 Matthew S. Clement , John E. Chambers

The formation of the four terrestrial planets of the solar system is one of the most fundamental problems in the planetary sciences. However, the formation of Mercury remains poorly understood. We investigated terrestrial planet formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-04-05 Patryk Sofia Lykawka , Takashi Ito

We introduce a new particle-based hybrid code for planetary accretion. The code uses an $N$-body routine for interactions with planetary embryos while it can handle a large number of planetesimals using a super-particle approximation, in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-01 Ryuji Morishima

The dynamics of planetesimals plays an important role in planet formation, because their velocity distribution sets the growth rate to larger bodies. When planetesimals form in protoplanetary discs, their orbits are nearly circular and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-25 Sebastian Lorek , Anders Johansen

In early Solar System numerical simulations, where chaos is a primary driver, it is difficult to explore parameter space in a systematic way. In such simulations, stable configurations are hard to come by, and often require special…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-23 Arcelia Hermosillo Ruiz , Ruth Murray-Clay , Kathryn Volk , Rosemary Pike

A large proportion of observed planetary systems contain several planets in a compact orbital configuration, and often harbor at least one close-in object. These systems are then most likely tidally evolving. We investigate how the effects…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-11-11 Emeline Bolmont , Sean N. Raymond , Jeremy Leconte , Franck Hersant , Alexandre C. M. Correia

We propose a pebble-driven planet formation scenario to form giant planets with high multiplicity and large orbital distances in the early gas disk phase. We perform N-body simulations to investigate the growth and migration of low-mass…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-24 John Wimarsson , Beibei Liu , Masahiro Ogihara

The standard formation model of close-in low-mass planets involves efficient inward migration followed by growth through giant impacts after the protoplanetary gas disk disperses. While detailed N-body simulations have enhanced our…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-08 Tadahiro Kimura , Eiichiro Kokubo , Yuji Matsumoto , Christoph Mordasini , Masahiro Ikoma

We describe an updated version of our hybrid N-body-coagulation code for planet formation. In addition to the features of our 2006-2008 code, our treatment now includes algorithms for the 1D evolution of the viscous disk, the accretion of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Benjamin C. Bromley , Scott J. Kenyon

Stellar systems are broadly divided into collisional and non-collisional. The latter are large-N systems with long relaxation timescales and can be simulated disregarding two-body interactions, while either computationally expensive direct…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-05-05 Pierfrancesco Di Cintio , Mario Pasquato , Hyunwoo Kim , Suk-Jin Yoon

We present a new C++ code for collisional N-body simulations of star clusters. The code uses the Hermite fourth-order scheme with block time steps, for advancing the particles in time, while the forces and neighboring particles are computed…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-08 Simos Konstantinidis , Kostas D. Kokkotas

Recent observations of rocky super-Earths have revealed an apparent wider distribution of Fe/Mg ratios, or core to mantle ratios, than the planets in our Solar System. This study aims to understand how much of the chemical diversity in the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-04 Jennifer Scora , Diana Valencia , Alessandro Morbidelli , Seth A. Jacobson
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