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Aims. Comparing theoretical models with observations allows one to make key step forward towards an understanding of planetary systems. It however requires a model able to (i) predict all the necessary observable quantities (not only masses…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-08 Alexandre Emsenhuber , Christoph Mordasini , Remo Burn , Yann Alibert , Willy Benz , Erik Asphaug

We describe a hybrid algorithm to calculate the formation of planets from an initial ensemble of planetesimals. The algorithm uses a coagulation code to treat the growth of planetesimals into oligarchs and explicit N-body calculations to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Benjamin C. Bromley , Scott J. Kenyon

We develop a semi-analytical model for computing planetary system formation with the aim of explaining the observed diversity of planetary systems architectures and relate this primordial diversity with the initial properties of the disc…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Yamila Miguel , Octavio M. Guilera , Adrian Brunini

In the conventional theory of planet formation, it is assumed that protoplanetary disks are axisymmetric and have a smooth radial profile. However, recent radio observations of protoplanetary disks have revealed that many of them have…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-11 Tenri Jinno , Takayuki R. Saitoh , Yota Ishigaki , Junichiro Makino

We present a new N-body and gas dynamics code, called Nyx, for large-scale cosmological simulations. Nyx follows the temporal evolution of a system of discrete dark matter particles gravitationally coupled to an inviscid ideal fluid in an…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-12 Ann Almgren , John Bell , Mike Lijewski , Zarija Lukić , Ethan Van Andel

Though ~10 Earth mass rocky/icy cores are commonly held as a prerequisite for the formation of gas giants, theoretical models still struggle to explain how these embryos can form within the lifetimes of gaseous circumstellar disks. In…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 K. A. Kretke , H. F. Levison

More than half of stars reside in binary or multiple star systems and many planets have been found in binary systems. From theoretical point of view, however, whether or not the planetary formation proceeds in a binary system is a very…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yusuke Tsukamoto , Junichiro Makino

The formation of the Earth's core is a consequence of planetary accretion and processes in the Earth's interior. The mechanical process of planetary differentiation is likely to occur in large, if not global, magma oceans created by the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-12-14 David C. Rubie , Seth A. Jacobson

In spite of substantial advancements in simulating planet formation, the planet Mercury's diminutive mass, isolated orbit, and the absence of planets with shorter orbital periods in the solar system continue to befuddle numerical accretion…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-22 Matthew S. Clement , Sean N. Raymond , John E. Chambers

Of the solar system's four terrestrial planets, the origin of Mercury is perhaps the most mysterious. Modern numerical simulations designed to model the dynamics of terrestrial planet formation systematically fail to replicate Mercury;…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-15 Matthew S. Clement , Nathan A. Kaib , John E. Chambers

The classical scenario of terrestrial planet formation is characterized by a phase of giant impacts among Moon-to-Mars mass planetary embryos. While the classic model and its adaptations have produced adequate analogs of the outer three…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-17 P. Franco , A. Izidoro , O. C. Winter , K. S. Torres , A. Amarante

The increasing precision of planetary mass and radius observations is bringing major questions about the structure and formation of planets--such as the nature of the radius valley and origin of super-Mercuries--within reach, demanding the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-29 Bennett Neil Skinner , Ralph E. Pudritz , Ryan Cloutier

A successful solar system model must reproduce the four terrestrial planets. Here, we focus on 1) the likelihood of forming Mercury and the four terrestrial planets in the same system (a 4-P system); 2) the orbital properties and masses of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-17 Patryk Sofia Lykawka

The numerical simulations of massive collisional stellar systems, such as globular clusters (GCs), are very time-consuming. Until now, only a few realistic million-body simulations of GCs with a small fraction of binaries (5%) have been…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-07-28 Long Wang , Masaki Iwasawa , Keigo Nitadori , Junichiro Makino

We investigate the formation of multiple-planet systems in the presence of a hot Jupiter using extended N-body simulations that are performed simultaneously with semi-analytic calculations. Our primary aims are to describe the planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Masahiro Ogihara , Hiroshi Kobayashi , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

Most stars are born in dense stellar environments where the formation and early evolution of planetary systems may be significantly perturbed by encounters with neighbouring stars. To investigate on the fate of circumstellar gas disks and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-14 Francesco Flammini Dotti , Roberto Capuzzo-Dolcetta , M. B. N. Kouwenhoven

Many multi-planet systems have been discovered in recent years. Some of them are in mean-motion resonances (MMR). Planet formation theory was successful in explaining the formation of 2:1, 3:1 and other low resonances as a result of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Hanno Rein , John C. B. Papaloizou

One of the main scenarios of planet formation is the core accretion model where a massive core forms first and then accretes a gaseous envelope. This core forms by accreting solids, either planetesimals, or pebbles. A key constraint in this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-11-21 Natacha Brügger , Yann Alibert , Sareh Ataiee , Willy Benz

Planetary formation models predict the existence of massive terrestrial planets and experiments are now being designed that should succeed in discovering them and measuring their masses and radii. We calculate internal structures of planets…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Diana Valencia , Richard J. O'Connell , Dimitar D. Sasselov , ;

We present a new chemodynamical code based on the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES. The new code uses Eulerian hydrodynamics and N-body dynamics in a cosmological framework to trace the production and advection of several chemical…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2012-02-13 C. Gareth Few , Stephanie Courty , Brad K. Gibson