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This survey paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of diffusion models in natural language processing (NLP). Diffusion models are a class of mathematical models that aim to capture the diffusion of information or signals across a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Hao Zou , Zae Myung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Standard autoregressive language models generate text by repeatedly selecting a discrete next token, coupling prediction with irreversible commitment at every step. We show that token selection is not the only viable autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Oshri Naparstek

Previously, non-autoregressive models were widely perceived as being superior in generation efficiency but inferior in generation quality due to the difficulties of modeling multiple target modalities. To enhance the multi-modality modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Lihua Qian , Mingxuan Wang , Yang Liu , Hao Zhou

Autoregressive (AR) models, common in sequence generation, are limited in many biological tasks such as de novo peptide sequencing and protein modeling by their unidirectional nature, failing to capture crucial global bidirectional token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Xiang Zhang , Jiaqi Wei , Zijie Qiu , Sheng Xu , Zhi Jin , ZhiQiang Gao , Nanqing Dong , Siqi Sun

Controllable generation is a fundamental task in NLP with many applications, providing a basis for function calling to agentic communication. However, even state-of-the-art autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) today exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhen Xiong , Yujun Cai , Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang

We introduce Causal Diffusion as the autoregressive (AR) counterpart of Diffusion models. It is a next-token(s) forecasting framework that is friendly to both discrete and continuous modalities and compatible with existing next-token…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Chaorui Deng , Deyao Zhu , Kunchang Li , Shi Guang , Haoqi Fan

Context information around words helps in determining their actual meaning, for example "networks" used in contexts of artificial neural networks or biological neuron networks. Generative topic models infer topic-word distributions, taking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Pankaj Gupta , Florian Buettner , Hinrich Schütze

In this report, we explore the potential for text diffusion to replace autoregressive (AR) decoding for the training and deployment of large language models (LLMs). We are particularly interested to see whether pretrained AR models can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Kehang Han , Kathleen Kenealy , Aditya Barua , Noah Fiedel , Noah Constant

Autoregressive models have recently shown great promise in visual generation by leveraging discrete token sequences akin to language modeling. However, existing approaches often suffer from inefficiency, either due to token-by-token…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Ruiqing Yang , Kaixin Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Shan You , Tao Huang

Autoregressive (AR) image generators offer a language-model-friendly approach to image generation by predicting discrete image tokens in a causal sequence. However, unlike diffusion models, AR models lack a mechanism to refine previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Cheng Cheng , Lin Song , Di An , Yicheng Xiao , Xuchong Zhang , Hongbin Sun , Ying Shan

Diffusion language models offer a compelling alternative to autoregressive code generation, enabling global planning and iterative refinement of complex program logic. However, existing approaches fail to respect the rigid structure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Anton Xue , Litu Rout , Constantine Caramanis , Sanjay Shakkottai

Although auto-regressive models excel in natural language processing, they often struggle to generate diverse text and provide limited controllability. Non-auto-regressive methods could be an alternative but often produce degenerate outputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hyukhun Koh , Minha Jhang , Dohyung Kim , Sangmook Lee , Kyomin Jung

In this work, we propose \texttt{TimeGrad}, an autoregressive model for multivariate probabilistic time series forecasting which samples from the data distribution at each time step by estimating its gradient. To this end, we use diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Kashif Rasul , Calvin Seward , Ingmar Schuster , Roland Vollgraf

Data-driven generative models excel in language and vision, but diffusion models often fail in constrained planning and design tasks, exhibiting severe constraint violations in engineering inverse design, molecular generation, multi-robot…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zirui Zhao , Boye Niu , Harold Soh , David Hsu , Wee Sun Lee

The recent surge of generative AI has been fueled by the generative power of diffusion probabilistic models and the scalable capabilities of large language models. Despite their potential, it remains elusive whether diffusion language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jiasheng Ye , Zaixiang Zheng , Yu Bao , Lihua Qian , Quanquan Gu

Autoregressive video diffusion models hold promise for world simulation but are vulnerable to exposure bias arising from the train-test mismatch. While recent works address this via post-training, they typically rely on a bidirectional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Yuwei Guo , Ceyuan Yang , Hao He , Yang Zhao , Meng Wei , Zhenheng Yang , Weilin Huang , Dahua Lin

We present Dream-Coder 7B, an open-source discrete diffusion language model for code generation that exhibits emergent any-order generation capabilities. Unlike traditional autoregressive (AR) models that decode strictly left-to-right,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zhihui Xie , Jiacheng Ye , Lin Zheng , Jiahui Gao , Jingwei Dong , Zirui Wu , Xueliang Zhao , Shansan Gong , Xin Jiang , Zhenguo Li , Lingpeng Kong

Diffusion models have achieved great success in modeling continuous data modalities such as images, audio, and video, but have seen limited use in discrete domains such as language. Recent attempts to adapt diffusion to language have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Justin Lovelace , Varsha Kishore , Chao Wan , Eliot Shekhtman , Kilian Q. Weinberger

We introduce Diffusion Active Learning, a novel approach that combines generative diffusion modeling with data-driven sequential experimental design to adaptively acquire data for inverse problems. Although broadly applicable, we focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Luis Barba , Johannes Kirschner , Tomas Aidukas , Manuel Guizar-Sicairos , Benjamín Béjar

Autoregressive (AR) models remain the standard for natural language generation but still suffer from high latency due to strictly sequential decoding. Recent diffusion-inspired approaches, such as LlaDA and Dream, mitigate this by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Qinglin Zhu , Yizhen Yao , Runcong Zhao , Yanzheng Xiang , Amrutha Saseendran , Chen Jin , Philip Teare , Bin Liang , Yulan He , Lin Gui
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