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Overparameterized deep networks that generalize well have been key to the dramatic success of deep learning in recent years. The reasons for their remarkable ability to generalize are not well understood yet. When class labels in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Simran Ketha , Venkatakrishnan Ramaswamy

The success of denoising diffusion models raises important questions regarding their generalisation behaviour, particularly in high-dimensional settings. Notably, it has been shown that when training and sampling are performed perfectly,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-08 Tyler Farghly , Patrick Rebeschini , George Deligiannidis , Arnaud Doucet

Learned priors based on deep generative models offer data-driven regularization for seismic inversion, but training them requires a dataset of representative subsurface models -- a resource that is inherently scarce in geoscience…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-23 Ali Siahkoohi , Davide Sabeddu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained for image denoising are able to generate high-quality samples with score-based reverse diffusion algorithms. These impressive capabilities seem to imply an escape from the curse of dimensionality, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zahra Kadkhodaie , Florentin Guth , Eero P. Simoncelli , Stéphane Mallat

Diffusion Models are popular generative modeling methods in various vision tasks, attracting significant attention. They can be considered a unique instance of self-supervised learning methods due to their independence from label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-19 Michael Fuest , Pingchuan Ma , Ming Gui , Johannes Schusterbauer , Vincent Tao Hu , Bjorn Ommer

Diffusion models are popular tools for generating new data samples, using a forward process that adds noise to data and a reverse process to denoise and produce samples. However, when the data distribution consists of n points, empirical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-05 Yang Lyu , Tan Minh Nguyen , Yuchun Qian , Xin T. Tong

In this paper, we introduce a geometric framework to analyze memorization in diffusion models through the sharpness of the log probability density. We mathematically justify a previously proposed score-difference-based memorization metric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Dongjae Jeon , Dueun Kim , Albert No

Diffusion models can be improved with additional guidance towards more effective representations of input. Indeed, prior empirical work has already shown that aligning internal representations of the diffusion model with those of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chenyu Wang , Cai Zhou , Sharut Gupta , Zongyu Lin , Stefanie Jegelka , Stephen Bates , Tommi Jaakkola

Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in image and video generation. In this work, we demonstrate that diffusion models can also \textit{generate high-performing neural network parameters}. Our approach is simple, utilizing an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Kai Wang , Dongwen Tang , Boya Zeng , Yida Yin , Zhaopan Xu , Yukun Zhou , Zelin Zang , Trevor Darrell , Zhuang Liu , Yang You

Diffusion models have shown strong performance in generating high-quality tabular data, but they carry privacy risks by reproducing exact training samples. While prior work focuses on dataset-level augmentation to reduce memorization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhengyu Fang , Zhimeng Jiang , Huiyuan Chen , Xiaoge Zhang , Kaiyu Tang , Xiao Li , Jing Li

We explain how to use diffusion models to learn inverse renormalization group flows of statistical and quantum field theories. Diffusion models are a class of machine learning models which have been used to generate samples from complex…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-09-07 Jordan Cotler , Semon Rezchikov

Despite the remarkable performance of generative Diffusion Models (DMs), their internal working is still not well understood, which is potentially problematic. This paper focuses on exploring the important notion of bias-variance tradeoff…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Shahin Hakemi , Naveed Akhtar , Ghulam Mubashar Hassan , Ajmal Mian

Modern generative models can produce realistic samples, however, balancing memorisation and generalisation remains an open problem. We approach this challenge from a Bayesian perspective by focusing on the parameter space of flow matching…

Despite the empirical success of Diffusion Models (DMs) and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), their generalization performance remains theoretically underexplored, especially lacking a full consideration of the shared encoder-generator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Qi Chen , Jierui Zhu , Florian Shkurti

Joint machine learning models that allow synthesizing and classifying data often offer uneven performance between those tasks or are unstable to train. In this work, we depart from a set of empirical observations that indicate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Kamil Deja , Tomasz Trzcinski , Jakub M. Tomczak

Diffusion models (DMs) memorize training images and can reproduce near-duplicates during generation. Current detection methods identify verbatim memorization but fail to capture two critical aspects: quantifying partial memorization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jimmy Z. Di , Yiwei Lu , Yaoliang Yu , Gautam Kamath , Adam Dziedzic , Franziska Boenisch

Generative models are increasingly used in 3D vision to synthesize novel shapes, yet it remains unclear whether their generation relies on memorizing training shapes. Understanding their memorization could help prevent training data leakage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shu Pu , Boya Zeng , Kaichen Zhou , Mengyu Wang , Zhuang Liu

Understanding how feature learning affects generalization is among the foremost goals of modern deep learning theory. Here, we study how the ability to learn representations affects the generalization performance of a simple class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , William L. Tong , Cengiz Pehlevan

There has been a longstanding belief that generation can facilitate a true understanding of visual data. In line with this, we revisit generatively pre-training visual representations in light of recent interest in denoising diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Chen Wei , Karttikeya Mangalam , Po-Yao Huang , Yanghao Li , Haoqi Fan , Hu Xu , Huiyu Wang , Cihang Xie , Alan Yuille , Christoph Feichtenhofer

Memorisation is a natural part of learning from real-world data: neural models pick up on atypical input-output combinations and store those training examples in their parameter space. That this happens is well-known, but how and where are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Verna Dankers , Ivan Titov