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Diffusion models generate high-quality samples but can also memorize training data, raising serious privacy concerns. Understanding the mechanisms governing when memorization versus generalization occurs remains an active area of research.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Nick Dodson , Xinyu Gao , Qingsong Wang , Yusu Wang , Zhengchao Wan

In this work, we study the generalizability of diffusion models by looking into the hidden properties of the learned score functions, which are essentially a series of deep denoisers trained on various noise levels. We observe that as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Xiang Li , Yixiang Dai , Qing Qu

Diffusion models power leading generative AI, but when and how they memorize training data, especially on low-dimensional manifolds, remains unclear. We find memorization emerges gradually, not abruptly: as data become scarce, diffusion…

Image diffusion models such as DALL-E 2, Imagen, and Stable Diffusion have attracted significant attention due to their ability to generate high-quality synthetic images. In this work, we show that diffusion models memorize individual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Nicholas Carlini , Jamie Hayes , Milad Nasr , Matthew Jagielski , Vikash Sehwag , Florian Tramèr , Borja Balle , Daphne Ippolito , Eric Wallace

Recent breakthroughs in diffusion models have exhibited exceptional image-generation capabilities. However, studies show that some outputs are merely replications of training data. Such replications present potential legal challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Yuxin Wen , Yuchen Liu , Chen Chen , Lingjuan Lyu

Diffusion models are capable of generating photo-realistic images that combine elements which likely do not appear together in the training set, demonstrating the ability to \textit{compositionally generalize}. Nonetheless, the precise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Qiyao Liang , Ziming Liu , Mitchell Ostrow , Ila Fiete

Recent research has shown that representation learning models may accidentally memorize their training data. For example, the d\'ej\`a vu method shows that for certain representation learning models and training images, it is sometimes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Narine Kokhlikyan , Bargav Jayaraman , Florian Bordes , Chuan Guo , Kamalika Chaudhuri

Diffusion models can unintentionally memorize training samples, raising concerns about privacy and copyright. While recent methods can detect memorization, they often rely on global or model-specific signals and provide limited insight into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Gwangho Kim , Sungyoon Lee

We theoretically investigate the phenomena of generalization and memorization in diffusion models. Empirical studies suggest that these phenomena are influenced by model complexity and the size of the training dataset. In our experiments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Anand Jerry George , Rodrigo Veiga , Nicolas Macris

Generative latent diffusion models have been established as state-of-the-art in data generation. One promising application is generation of realistic synthetic medical imaging data for open data sharing without compromising patient privacy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Salman Ul Hassan Dar , Arman Ghanaat , Jannik Kahmann , Isabelle Ayx , Theano Papavassiliu , Stefan O. Schoenberg , Sandy Engelhardt

Generalization in generative modeling is defined as the ability to learn an underlying distribution from a finite dataset and produce novel samples, with evaluation largely driven by held-out performance and perceived sample quality. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jerome Garnier-Brun , Luca Biggio , Davide Beltrame , Marc Mézard , Luca Saglietti

Very large deep learning models trained using gradient descent are remarkably resistant to memorization given their huge capacity, but are at the same time capable of fitting large datasets of pure noise. Here methods are introduced by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Benjamin L. Badger

We study the memorization and generalization capabilities of Diffusion Models (DMs) when data lies on a structured latent manifold. Specifically, we consider a set of $P$ data points in $N$ dimensions confined to a latent subspace of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-05-27 Beatrice Achilli , Luca Ambrogioni , Carlo Lucibello , Marc Mézard , Enrico Ventura

Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains, but they remain vulnerable to memorization -- reproducing training data rather than generating novel outputs. This not only limits their creative potential but also…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-10 Zeqi Ye , Qijie Zhu , Molei Tao , Minshuo Chen

The development of diffusion-based generative models over the past decade has largely proceeded independently of progress in representation learning. These diffusion models typically rely on regression-based objectives and generally lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Runqian Wang , Kaiming He

Diffusion models are a class of generative models that learn to synthesize samples by inverting a diffusion process that gradually maps data into noise. While these models have enjoyed great success recently, a full theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Raja Marjieh , Ilia Sucholutsky , Thomas A. Langlois , Nori Jacoby , Thomas L. Griffiths

Diffusion models (DMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results for image synthesis tasks as well as density estimation. Applied in the latent space of a powerful pretrained autoencoder (LDM), their immense computational requirements can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Jeremias Traub

The predominant success of diffusion models in generative modeling has spurred significant interest in understanding their theoretical foundations. In this work, we propose a feature learning framework aimed at analyzing and comparing the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-04 Andi Han , Wei Huang , Yuan Cao , Difan Zou

The diffusion probabilistic generative models are widely used to generate high-quality data. Though they can synthetic data that does not exist in the training set, the rationale behind such generalization is still unexplored. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Mingyang Yi , Jiacheng Sun , Zhenguo Li

While diffusion models generate high-quality images via probability flow, the theoretical understanding of this process remains incomplete. A key question is when probability flow converges to training samples or more general points on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-25 Chen Zeno , Hila Manor , Greg Ongie , Nir Weinberger , Tomer Michaeli , Daniel Soudry