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Multi-agent LLM workflows -- systems composed of multiple role-specific LLM calls -- often outperform single-prompt baselines, but they remain difficult to debug and refine. Failures can originate from subtle errors in intermediate outputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Kazuki Kawamura , Satoshi Waki , Kei Tateno

LLM agents operating in open environments face escalating risks from indirect prompt injection, particularly within the tool stream where manipulated metadata and runtime feedback hijack execution flow. Existing defenses encounter a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Junda Lin , Zhaomeng Zhou , Zhi Zheng , Shuochen Liu , Tong Xu , Yong Chen , Enhong Chen

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems act with a high degree of independence yet lack legal personhood-a paradox that fractures doctrines grounded in human-centric notions of mens rea and actus reus. This Article introduces…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Anirban Mukherjee , Hannah Hanwen Chang

Ensuring the safety of reinforcement learning (RL) policies in high-stakes environments requires not only formal verification but also interpretability and targeted falsification. While model checking provides formal guarantees, its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Tuan Le , Risal Shefin , Debashis Gupta , Thai Le , Sarra Alqahtani

Vision-Language-Action systems follow instructions to execute multi-step tasks in multimodal environments. Recent VLA approaches typically rely on post-hoc correction mechanisms or operate under fixed task decompositions and alignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiyin Zeng , Yuyu Sun , Haoyang Li , Shouqiang Liu , Hao Wang

This paper considers a network of agents, where each agent is assumed to take actions optimally with respect to a predefined payoff function involving the latest actions of the agent's neighbors. Neighborhood relationships stem from payoff…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-01-19 Sadegh Arefizadeh , Sadjaad Ozgoli , Sadegh Bolouki , Tamer Başar

The AgentSpeak type of languages are considered for decision making in autonomous control systems. To reduce the complexity and increase the verifiability of decision making, a limited instruction set agent (LISA) is introduced. The new…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-03-04 Paolo Izzo , Hongyang Qu , Sandor M. Veres

In this paper, we consider labeled finite-state automata (LFSAs), extend some state estimation-based properties from a single agent to a finite ordered set of agents. We also extend the notion of observer to \emph{high-order observer} using…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Kuize Zhang , Xiaoguang Han , Alessandro Giua , Carla Seatzu

LLM-based coding agents are increasingly used to generate code, tests, and documentation. Still, their outputs can be plausible yet misaligned with developer intent and provide limited evidence for review in evolving projects. This limits…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ragib Shahariar Ayon

Autonomous agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilized in complex software systems. However, reliability remains a significant challenge due to unpredictable failures such as hallucinations, execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Cheonsu Jeong , Younggun Shin

Humans are black boxes -- we cannot observe their neural processes, yet society functions by evaluating verifiable arguments. AI explainability should follow this principle: stakeholders need verifiable reasoning chains, not mechanistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ege Cakar , Per Ola Kristensson

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models enable general-purpose robotic policies by mapping visual observations and language instructions to low-level actions, but they often lack reliable introspection. A common practice is to compute a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yanchuan Tang , Taowen Wang , Yuefei Chen , Boxuan Zhang , Qiang Guan , Ruixiang Tang

Classical models of opinion dynamics assume human participants with bounded rationality and limited coordination. The rise of LLM-based agents introduces a qualitative shift: agents can now participate in online discussions at scale,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xin He , Junxi Shen , Yuchen Mou , David M. Bossens , Caishun Chen , Ivor W. Tsang , Yew Soon Ong

TRUST Agents is a collaborative multi-agent framework for explainable fact verification and fake news detection. Rather than treating verification as a simple true-or-false classification task, the system identifies verifiable claims,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Gautama Shastry Bulusu Venkata , Santhosh Kakarla , Maheedhar Omtri Mohan , Aishwarya Gaddam

We present a verification methodology for analysing the decision-making component in agent-based hybrid systems. Traditionally hybrid automata have been used to both implement and verify such systems, but hybrid automata based modelling,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-10 Louise A. Dennis , Michael Fisher , Nicholas K. Lincoln , Alexei Lisitsa , Sandor M. Veres

In multiagent systems (MASs), agents' observation upon system behaviours may improve the overall team performance, but may also leak sensitive information to an observer. A quantified observability analysis can thus be useful to assist…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Chunyan Mu , Jun Pang

Obviously strategyproof (OSP) mechanisms maintain the incentive compatibility of agents that are not fully rational. They have been object of a number of studies since their recent definition. A research agenda, initiated in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Diodato Ferraioli , Carmine Ventre

The emergence of autonomous Large Language Model (LLM) agents capable of tool usage has introduced new safety risks that go beyond traditional conversational misuse. These agents, empowered to execute external functions, are vulnerable to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zeyang Sha , Hanling Tian , Zhuoer Xu , Shiwen Cui , Changhua Meng , Weiqiang Wang

Benchmarks are important measures to evaluate safety and compliance of AI models at scale. However, they typically do not offer verifiable results and lack confidentiality for model IP and benchmark datasets. We propose Attestable Audits,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Christoph Schnabl , Daniel Hugenroth , Bill Marino , Alastair R. Beresford

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), but most existing approaches rely on sparse outcome-level feedback. This sparsity creates a credit assignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Huaijie Wang , Xiangmin Yi , Jiaxuan Gao , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Yu Wang , Chao Yu , Yi Wu