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GUI is a bridge connecting user and application. Existing GUI testing tasks can be categorized into two groups: functionality testing and compatibility testing. While the functionality testing focuses on detecting application runtime bugs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jiaming Ye , Mulong Xie , Siyuan Chen , Fuyuan Zhang , Lei Ma , Zhenchang Xing , Jianjun Zhao

Evaluating GUI agents presents a distinct challenge: trajectories are long, visually grounded, and open-ended, yet evaluation must be both accurate and interpretable. Existing approaches typically apply a single holistic judgment over the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuwen Zhai , Runze Li , Liang Wang , Nian Shi , Liwu Xu , Wei Zhang , Ran Lin , Bo Xu , Benlei Cui

A truly capable AI system must do more than detect objects or recognize activities in isolation. It must form unified, grounded representations of who is acting, what they are doing, and when and where these actions unfold. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tanveer Hannan , Shuaicong Wu , Mark Weber , Suprosanna Shit , Jindong Gu , Rajat Koner , Aljoša Ošep , Laura Leal-Taixé , Thomas Seidl

Grounding natural language queries in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) poses unique challenges due to the diversity of visual elements, spatial clutter, and the ambiguity of language. In this paper, we introduce DiMo-GUI, a training-free…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Hang Wu , Hongkai Chen , Yujun Cai , Chang Liu , Qingwen Ye , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Yiwei Wang

Tool-integrated reasoning has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing large language models with external computation, retrieval, and execution capabilities. However, the field still lacks a high-quality and unified evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yize Li , Junzhi Li , Jason Song , Chuxiong Sun , Rui Wang , Changwen Zheng

Large language model agents increasingly operate through environment-facing scaffolds that expose files, web pages, APIs, and logs. These observations influence tool use, state tracking, and action sequencing, yet their reliability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Strick Sheng , Ziyue Wang , Liyi Zhou

Multimodal Large Language models (MLLMs) have shown promise in web-related tasks, but evaluating their performance in the web domain remains a challenge due to the lack of comprehensive benchmarks. Existing benchmarks are either designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Junpeng Liu , Yifan Song , Bill Yuchen Lin , Wai Lam , Graham Neubig , Yuanzhi Li , Xiang Yue

Autoregressive (AR) vision-language models (VLMs) have long dominated multimodal understanding, reasoning, and graphical user interface (GUI) grounding. Recently, discrete diffusion vision-language models (DVLMs) have shown strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shrinidhi Kumbhar , Haofu Liao , Srikar Appalaraju , Kunwar Yashraj Singh

With AsgardBench we aim to evaluate visually grounded, high-level action sequence generation and interactive planning, focusing specifically on plan adaptation during execution based on visual observations rather than navigation or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Andrea Tupini , Lars Liden , Reuben Tan , Yu Wang , Jianfeng Gao

Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation holds significant promise for enhancing human productivity by assisting with computer tasks. Existing task formulations primarily focus on simple tasks that can be specified by a single,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Linjie Li , Difei Gao , Qinchen WU , Mingyi Yan , Zhengyuan Yang , Lijuan Wang , Mike Zheng Shou

Visual Grounding (VG) aims to localize specific objects in an image according to natural language expressions, serving as a fundamental task in vision-language understanding. However, existing VG benchmarks are mostly derived from datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Tianyi Zhao , Jiawen Xi , Linhui Xiao , Junnan Li , Xue Yang , Maoxun Yuan , Xingxing Wei

As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) advance, MLLM-based virtual agents have demonstrated remarkable performance. However, existing benchmarks face significant limitations, including uncontrollable task complexity, extensive manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wendong Bu , Yang Wu , Qifan Yu , Minghe Gao , Bingchen Miao , Zhenkui Zhang , Kaihang Pan , Yunfei Li , Mengze Li , Wei Ji , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang

We introduce GraphicDesignBench (GDB), the first comprehensive benchmark suite designed specifically to evaluate AI models on the full breadth of professional graphic design tasks. Unlike existing benchmarks that focus on natural-image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Adrienne Deganutti , Elad Hirsch , Haonan Zhu , Jaejung Seol , Purvanshi Mehta

While GUI agents have shown impressive capabilities in common computer-use tasks such as OSWorld, current benchmarks mainly focus on isolated and single-application tasks. This overlooks a critical real-world requirement of coordinating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinchao Li , Yunxin Li , Chenrui Zhao , Zhenran Xu , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) grounding maps natural language instructions to precise interface locations for autonomous interaction. Current reinforcement learning approaches use binary rewards that treat elements as hit-or-miss targets,…

Powerful generative models have led to recent progress in question generation (QG). However, it is difficult to measure advances in QG research since there are no standardized resources that allow a uniform comparison among approaches. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Asahi Ushio , Fernando Alva-Manchego , Jose Camacho-Collados

Most visual grounding solutions primarily focus on realistic images. However, applications involving synthetic images, such as Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), remain limited. This restricts the development of autonomous computer…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-21 El Hassane Ettifouri , Jessica López Espejel , Laura Minkova , Tassnim Dardouri , Walid Dahhane

Referring expression grounding is a core problem in visual grounding and is widely used as a diagnostic of spatial grounding and reasoning in vision and language models, yet most prior work focuses on natural images. In contrast, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tianhao Niu , Ziyu Han , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

GUI grounding, which maps natural-language instructions to actionable UI elements, is a core capability of GUI agents. Prior works largely treats instructions as a static proxy for user intent, overlooking the impact of instruction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Liangyu Chen , Hanzhang Zhou , Chenglin Cai , Jianan Zhang , Panrong Tong , Quyu Kong , Xu Zhang , Chen Liu , Yuqi Liu , Wenxuan Wang , Yue Wang , Qin Jin , Steven Hoi

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents offer cross-platform solutions for automating complex digital tasks, with significant potential to transform productivity workflows. However, their performance is often constrained by the scarcity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Junlei Zhang , Zichen Ding , Chang Ma , Zijie Chen , Qiushi Sun , Zhenzhong Lan , Junxian He