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Given the rapid advance in ITS technologies, future mobility is pointing to vehicular autonomy. However, there is still a long way before full automation, and human intervention is required. This work sheds light on understanding human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zheng Xu

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are increasingly deployed in real traffic, yet testing remains fundamentally challenging due to open environments, complex scenarios, and the lack of established processes and metrics. Despite extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qunying Song , Ali Nouri , Håkan Sivencrona , Federica Sarro

Autonomous driving vehicles provide a vast potential for realizing use cases in the on-road and off-road domains. Consequently, remarkable solutions exist to autonomous systems' environmental perception and control. Nevertheless, proof of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Patrick Wolf

Virtual Reality (VR) has rapidly become a mainstream platform for gaming and interactive experiences, yet ensuring the quality, safety, and appropriateness of VR content remains a pressing challenge. Traditional human-based quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yurun Wu , Yousong Sun , Burkhard Wunsche , Jia Wang , Elliott Wen

With the rapid development of automated vehicles (AVs) in recent years, commercially available AVs are increasingly demonstrating high-level automation capabilities. However, most existing AV safety evaluation methods are primarily designed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Hang Zhou , Chengyuan Ma , Shiyu Shen , Zhaohui Liang , Xiaopeng Li

Testing autonomous vehicles in simulation environments is crucial. Sim-ATAV is an open-source framework developed for experimenting with different test generation techniques in simulation environments for research purposes. This document…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali

Future autonomous vehicles (AVs) will use a variety of sensors that generate a vast amount of data. Naturally, this data not only serves self-driving algorithms; but can also assist other vehicles or the infrastructure in real-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Levente Alekszejenkó , Tadeusz Dobrowiecki

Simulation-based testing remains the main approach for validating Autonomous Driving Systems. We propose a rigorous test method based on breaking down scenarios into simple ones, taking into account the fact that autopilots make decisions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

While autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has shown substantial progress, we still lack tools for rigorous and scalable testing. Real-world testing, the $\textit{de-facto}$ evaluation method, is dangerous to the public. Moreover, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Justin Norden , Matthew O'Kelly , Aman Sinha

Autonomous driving has been the subject of increased interest in recent years both in industry and in academia. Serious efforts are being pursued to address legal, technical and logistical problems and make autonomous cars a viable option…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Nan Li , Dave Oyler , Mengxuan Zhang , Yildiray Yildiz , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard

Autonomous vehicles rely heavily upon their perception subsystems to see the environment in which they operate. Unfortunately, the effect of variable weather conditions presents a significant challenge to object detection algorithms, and…

Owing to the merits of early safety and reliability guarantee, autonomous driving virtual testing has recently gains increasing attention compared with closed-loop testing in real scenarios. Although the availability and quality of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Pengliang Ji , Li Ruan , Yunzhi Xue , Limin Xiao , Qian Dong

Safety and cost are two important concerns for the development of autonomous driving technologies. From the academic research to commercial applications of autonomous driving vehicles, sufficient simulation and real world testing are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Xuemin Hu , Shen Li , Tingyu Huang , Bo Tang , Rouxing Huai , Long Chen

Simulators are useful tools for testing automated driving controllers. Vehicle-in-the-loop (ViL) tests and digital twins (DTs) are widely used simulation technologies to facilitate the smooth deployment of controllers to physical vehicles.…

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cooperation has emerged as a promising paradigm to overcome the perception limitations of classical autonomous driving by leveraging information from both ego-vehicle and infrastructure sensors. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Junwei You , Haotian Shi , Zhuoyu Jiang , Zilin Huang , Rui Gan , Keshu Wu , Xi Cheng , Xiaopeng Li , Bin Ran

Autonomous driving improves traffic efficiency but presents safety challenges in complex port environments. This study investigates how environmental factors, traffic factors, and pedestrian characteristics influence interaction safety…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Yuan Che , Mun On Wong , Xiaowei Gao , Haoyang Liang , Yun Ye

Autonomous driving has rapidly evolved through synergistic developments in hardware and artificial intelligence. This comprehensive review investigates traffic datasets and simulators as dual pillars supporting autonomous vehicle (AV)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Supriya Sarker , Brent Maples , Iftekharul Islam , Muyang Fan , Christos Papadopoulos , Weizi Li

Ensuring the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs), including pedestrians, cyclists, electric scooter riders, and motorcyclists, remains a major challenge for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and connected and automated vehicles…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-23 Zhitong He , Yaobin Chen , Brian King , Lingxi Li

This paper presents the CAT Vehicle (Cognitive and Autonomous Test Vehicle) Testbed: a research testbed comprised of a distributed simulation-based autonomous vehicle, with straightforward transition to hardware in the loop testing and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Rahul Kumar Bhadani , Jonathan Sprinkle , Matthew Bunting

This study explores the complexities of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), examining the challenges introduced by AI components and the impact on testing procedures, focusing on some of the essential…