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As the popularity of autonomous vehicles has grown, many standards and regulators, such as ISO, NHTSA, and Euro NCAP, require safety validation to ensure a sufficient level of safety before deploying them in the real world. Manufacturers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Linh Trinh , Ali Anwar , Siegfried Mercelis

Perception for automated driving is largely based on onboard environmental sensors, such as cameras and radar, which are cost-effective but limited by line-of-sight and field-of-view constraints. These inherent limitations may cause onboard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Lukas Ostendorf , Lennart Reiher , Onn Haran , Lutz Eckstein

Various automobile and mobility companies, for instance Ford, Uber and Waymo, are currently testing their pre-produced autonomous vehicle (AV) fleets on the public roads. However, due to rareness of the safety-critical cases and,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Mansur Arief , Peter Glynn , Ding Zhao

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is a key component of the future autonomous driving systems. V2V can provide an improved awareness of the surrounding environment, and the knowledge about the future actions of nearby vehicles.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Vladimir Savic , Elad M. Schiller , Marina Papatriantafilou

The ever-increasing complexity of HW/SW systems presents a persistent challenge, particularly in safety-critical domains like automotive, where extensive testing is imperative. However, the availability of hardware often lags behind,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lukas Jünger , Jan Henrik Weinstock , Tim Kraus

Due to the limitations of a single autonomous vehicle, Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology opens a new window for achieving fully autonomous driving through sensor information sharing. However, real-world datasets supporting…

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are transforming the future of transportation through advances in intelligent perception, decision-making, and control systems. However, their success is tied to one core capability, reliable object detection in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Sayed Pedram Haeri Boroujeni , Niloufar Mehrabi , Hazim Alzorgan , Mahlagha Fazeli , Abolfazl Razi

Recent advancement in off-road autonomy has shown promises in deploying autonomous mobile robots in outdoor off-road environments. Encouraging results have been reported from both simulated and real-world experiments. However, unlike…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Tong Xu , Chenhui Pan , Madhan B. Rao , Aniket Datar , Anuj Pokhrel , Yuanjie Lu , Xuesu Xiao

Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xingyu Zhao , Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou , Chih-Hong Cheng , Peter Popov , Lorenzo Strigini

Multi-modal fusion is a fundamental task for the perception of an autonomous driving system, which has recently intrigued many researchers. However, achieving a rather good performance is not an easy task due to the noisy raw data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Keli Huang , Botian Shi , Xiang Li , Xin Li , Siyuan Huang , Yikang Li

Visual Odometry (VO) estimation is an important source of information for vehicle state estimation and autonomous driving. Recently, deep learning based approaches have begun to appear in the literature. However, in the context of driving,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Nimet Kaygusuz , Oscar Mendez , Richard Bowden

Virtual Reality (VR) is an emerging technique that provides a unique real-time experience for users. VR technologies have provided revolutionary user experiences in various scenarios (e.g., training, education, product/architecture design,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Dhia Elhaq Rzig , Nafees Iqbal , Isabella Attisano , Xue Qin , Foyzul Hassan

Multi-modal 3D object detectors are dedicated to exploring secure and reliable perception systems for autonomous driving (AD).Although achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on clean benchmark datasets, they tend to overlook the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Ziying Song , Guoxing Zhang , Lin Liu , Lei Yang , Shaoqing Xu , Caiyan Jia , Feiyang Jia , Li Wang

Modeling and simulation of autonomous vehicles plays a crucial role in achieving enterprise-scale realization that aligns with technical, business and regulatory requirements. Contemporary trends in digital lifecycle treatment have proven…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Chinmay Vilas Samak , Tanmay Vilas Samak

Camera and LiDAR sensor modalities provide complementary appearance and geometric information useful for detecting 3D objects for autonomous vehicle applications. However, current end-to-end fusion methods are challenging to train and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Anas Mahmoud , Jordan S. K. Hu , Steven L. Waslander

In the domain of autonomous vehicles, the human-vehicle co-pilot system has garnered significant research attention. To address the subjective uncertainties in driver state and interaction behaviors, which are pivotal to the safety of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Jie Wang , Mobing Cai , Zhongpan Zhu , Hongjun Ding , Jiwei Yi , Aimin Du

There are many artificial intelligence algorithms for autonomous driving, but directly installing these algorithms on vehicles is unrealistic and expensive. At the same time, many of these algorithms need an environment to train and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Wei Cao , Liguo Zhou , Yuhong Huang , Alois Knoll

Autonomous driving faces safety challenges due to a lack of global perspective and the semantic information of vectorized high-definition (HD) maps. Information from roadside cameras can greatly expand the map perception range through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Miao Fan , Shanshan Yu , Shengtong Xu , Kun Jiang , Haoyi Xiong , Xiangzeng Liu

Object detection is a critical problem for the safe interaction between autonomous vehicles and road users. Deep-learning methodologies allowed the development of object detection approaches with better performance. However, there is still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Andrés Gómez , Thomas Genevois , Jerome Lussereau , Christian Laugier

As autonomous vehicle technology advances, the precise assessment of safety in complex traffic scenarios becomes crucial, especially in mixed-vehicle environments where human perception of safety must be taken into account. This paper…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Enrico Del Re , Amirhesam Aghanouri , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal