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Macromolecules change their shape (conformation) in the process of carrying out their functions. The imaging by cryo-electron microscopy of rapidly-frozen, individual copies of macromolecules (single particles) is a powerful and general…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-22 Bogdan Toader , Fred J. Sigworth , Roy R. Lederman

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is unique among tools in structural biology in its ability to image large, dynamic protein complexes. Key to this ability is image processing algorithms for heterogeneous cryo-EM reconstruction, including…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-28 Karsten Kreis , Tim Dockhorn , Zihao Li , Ellen Zhong

Differentiating signals from the background in micrographs is a critical initial step for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), yet it remains laborious due to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the presence of contaminants and densely…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Szu-Chi Chung , Po-Cheng Chou

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enables single-particle analysis of biological macromolecules under strict low-dose imaging conditions, but the resulting micrographs often exhibit extremely low signal-to-noise ratios and weak particle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiaoqi Wu , Xueying Zhan , Wen Li , Junhao Wu , Xin Huang , Min Xu

Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become one of the mainstream structural biology techniques because of its ability to determine high-resolution structures of dynamic bio-molecules. However, cryo-EM data acquisition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Quanfu Fan , Yilai Li , Yuguang Yao , John Cohn , Sijia Liu , Seychelle M. Vos , Michael A. Cianfrocco

Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) is a technique that captures images of biological samples at different tilts, preserving their native state as much as possible. Along with the partial tilt series and noise, one of the major challenges in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-26 Vinith Kishore , Valentin Debarnot , Ivan Dokmanić

In single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the efficient determination of orientation parameters for 2D projection images poses a significant challenge yet is crucial for reconstructing 3D structures. This task is complicated by…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Szu-Chi Chung

Enhancing cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) 3D density maps at intermediate resolution (4-8 {\AA}) is crucial in protein structure determination. Recent advances in deep learning have led to the development of automated approaches for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Chenwei Zhang , Khanh Dao Duc

One of the difficulties in 3D reconstruction of molecules from images in single particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM), in addition to high levels of noise and unknown image orientations, is heterogeneity in samples: in many cases, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-07-13 Roy R. Lederman , Amit Singer

Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) is a powerful tool in structural biology for 3D visualization of cells and biological systems at resolutions sufficient to identify individual proteins in situ. The measurements are collected by tilting…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Vinith Kishore , Valentin Debarnot , AmirEhsan Khorashadizadeh , Ivan Dokmanić

Multiple approaches to use deep learning for image restoration have recently been proposed. Training such approaches requires well registered pairs of high and low quality images. While this is easily achievable for many imaging modalities,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Tim-Oliver Buchholz , Mareike Jordan , Gaia Pigino , Florian Jug

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized experimental protein structure determination. Despite advances in high resolution reconstruction, a majority of cryo-EM experiments provide either a single state of the studied…

Over the past decade, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as a primary method for determining near-native, near-atomic resolution 3D structures of biological macromolecules. In order to meet increasing demand for cryo-EM,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-19 Paul T. Kim , Alex J. Noble , Anchi Cheng , Tristan Bepler

The cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) is increasingly popular these years. It helps to uncover the biological structures and functions of macromolecules. In this paper, we address image denoising problem in cryo-EM. Denoising the cryo-EM…

Computation · Statistics 2018-10-26 Yin Xian , Hanlin Gu , Wei Wang , Xuhui Huang , Yuan Yao , Yang Wang , Jian-Feng Cai

We consider the problem of recovering the three-dimensional atomic structure of a flexible macromolecule from a heterogeneous cryo-EM dataset. The dataset contains noisy tomographic projections of the electrostatic potential of the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-08 Carlos Esteve-Yagüe , Willem Diepeveen , Ozan Öktem , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

In cryo-electron microscopy (EM), molecular structures are determined from large numbers of projection images of individual particles. To harness the full power of this single-molecule information, we use the Bayesian inference of EM…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-01-17 Pilar Cossio , David Rohr , Fabio Baruffa , Markus Rampp , Volker Lindenstruth , Gerhard Hummer

Cryo-EM is an increasingly popular method for determining the atomic resolution 3D structure of macromolecular complexes (eg, proteins) from noisy 2D images captured by an electron microscope. The computational task is to reconstruct the 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Shayan Shekarforoush , David B. Lindell , Marcus A. Brubaker , David J. Fleet

Cellular Electron CryoTomography (CECT) is a 3D imaging technique that captures information about the structure and spatial organization of macromolecular complexes within single cells, in near-native state and at sub-molecular resolution.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2018-07-04 Kai Wen Wang , Xiangrui Zeng , Xiaodan Liang , Zhiguang Huo , Eric P. Xing , Min Xu

Simulation-based inference provides a powerful framework for cryo-electron microscopy, employing neural networks in methods like CryoSBI to infer biomolecular conformations via learned latent representations. This latent space represents a…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-05 Luke Evans , Octavian-Vlad Murad , Lars Dingeldein , Pilar Cossio , Roberto Covino , Marina Meila

Single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) allows for structures of proteins and protein complexes to be determined from images of non-crystalline specimens. Cryo-EM data analysis requires electron microscope images of randomly…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-11-23 Jianhua Zhao , Marcus A. Brubaker , Samir Benlekbir , John L. Rubinstein