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Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

This paper proposes a gray-box stability analysis mechanism based on data-driven dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) for commercial grid-tied power electronics converters with limited information on its control parameters and topology. By…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-16 Rui Kong , Subham Sahoo , Yubo Song , Frede Blaabjerg

Understanding the impact of grid-following (GFL) converters on system frequency dynamics is crucial, from both the center of inertia (COI) and frequency spatial variation perspectives. Part I of this series clarifies the mechanisms by which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Jiahao Liu , Cheng Wang , Tianshu Bi

In this work, we investigate grid-forming (GFM) control for dc/ac power converters in emerging power systems that contain ac and dc networks, renewable generation, and conventional generation. We propose a novel power-balancing GFM control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

Stability of power grids with synchronous generators (SGs) and renewable generation interfaced with grid-forming converters (GFCs) under dc-side current limitation is studied. To that end, we first consider a simple 2-bus test system and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Sayan Samanta , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

The classic design of grid-forming control strategies for power converters rely on the stringent assumption of the timescale separation between DC and AC states and their corresponding control loops, e.g., AC and DC loops, power and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

This letter presents a comprehensive analysis of the stability phenomenon related to the ability of generators to remain in synchronism when subjected to small or large disturbances, in power systems with both synchronous machines and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

This paper presents a novel control structure and control synthesis method for regulating the output voltage/frequency and power injection of DC-AC inverters. The traditional droop method offers attractive solution to achieve compromise…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

The inherent control switching of renewable energy sources (RESs) during intricate transient processes introduces complexity to the dynamic behavior of modern power systems. This paper reveals the dynamic coupling between grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Ruiyuan Zeng , Ruisheng Diao , Fangyuan Sun , Wangqianyun Tang , Junjie Li , Baorong Zhou

The shift from traditional synchronous generator (SG) based power generation to generation driven by power electronic devices introduces new dynamic phenomena and considerations for the control of large-scale power systems. In this paper,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Matt Baughman , Marena Trujillo , Bri-Mathias Hodge , Emily Jensen

In recent years, virtual oscillator control, particularly the Andronov-Hopf oscillator (AHO), has received widespread attention for controlling grid-forming (GFM) inverters due to their superior dynamic response. However, traditional AHO…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Hamed Rezazadeh , Mohammad Monfared , Meghdad Fazeli , Saeed Golestan

Recovery of power flow to critical infrastructures, after grid failure, is a crucial need arising in scenarios that are increasingly becoming more frequent. This article proposes a power transition and recovery strategy by proposing a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-02 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V Salapaka

Subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) involving grid-following converters (GFLCs) connected to weak grids are a relatively new phenomena observed in modern power systems. SSOs are further exacerbated when grids become weaker because lines are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Sina Ameli , Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Constantino Lagoa

This paper presents an extensive framework focused on the control design, along with stability and performance analysis, of Grid-Following Inverters (GFL). It aims to ensure their effective operation under both stiff and weak grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) can emulate the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through appropriate control loop design. However, in systems with GFM IBRs, the apparent impedance trajectory under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-18 Yanshu Niu , Zhe Yang , Bikash C. Pal

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

This paper addresses the following fundamental research question: how does the integration of grid-forming inverters (GFMs) replacing conventional synchronous generators (SGs) impact the slow coherent eigen-structure and the low-frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-27 Sayak Mukherjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Soumya Kundu , Kyung-Bin Kwon , Sameer Nekkalapu , Marcelo Elizondo

HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR) to help address the frequency control challenges caused by the growing penetration of power electronics in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Dominic Gross , George Alin Raducu , Hesam Khazraj , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a universally accepted definition of GFM behavior and precise method for its quantification remain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Liangxiao Luo , Xiaoying Liu , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu