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In this paper, we propose a high-precision SRAM-based CIM macro that can perform 4x4-bit MAC operations and yield 9-bit signed output. The inherent discharge branches of SRAM cells are utilized to apply time-modulated MAC and 9-bit ADC…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Xiaomeng Wang , Fengshi Tian , Xizi Chen , Jiakun Zheng , Xuejiao Liu , Fengbin Tu , Jie Yang , Mohamad Sawan , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Chi-Ying Tsui

In-memory-computing is emerging as an efficient hardware paradigm for deep neural network accelerators at the edge, enabling to break the memory wall and exploit massive computational parallelism. Two design models have surged: analog…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Pouya Houshmand , Jiacong Sun , Marian Verhelst

This paper obtains fundamental limits on the computational precision of in-memory computing architectures (IMCs). An IMC noise model and associated SNR metrics are defined and their interrelationships analyzed to show that the accuracy of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Sujan Kumar Gonugondla , Charbel Sakr , Hassan Dbouk , Naresh R. Shanbhag

This paper describes a multi-functional deep in-memory processor for inference applications. Deep in-memory processing is achieved by embedding pitch-matched low-SNR analog processing into a standard 6T 16KB SRAM array in 65 nm CMOS. Four…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Mingu Kang , Sujan Gonugondla , Ameya Patil , Naresh Shanbhag

In memory computing (IMC) architectures for deep learning (DL) accelerators leverage energy-efficient and highly parallel matrix vector multiplication (MVM) operations, implemented directly in memory arrays. Such IMC designs have been…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Arkapravo Ghosh , Hemkar Reddy Sadana , Mukut Debnath , Panthadip Maji , Shubham Negi , Sumeet Gupta , Mrigank Sharad , Kaushik Roy

The paper proposes in-memory computing (IMC) solution for the design and implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) based cryptographic algorithm. This research aims at increasing the cyber security of autonomous driverless…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Hala Ajmi , Fakhreddine Zayer , Amira Hadj Fredj , Belgacem Hamdi , Baker Mohammad , Naoufel Werghi , Jorge Dias

Artificial intelligence (AI) models are currently driven by a significant upscaling of their complexity, with massive matrix-multiplication workloads representing the major computational bottleneck. In-memory computing (IMC) architectures…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Shady Agwa , Yihan Pan , Georgios Papandroulidakis , Themis Prodromakis

Today's high-performance architectures are increasingly constrained by data movement latency and energy overhead, as the slowdown of single-core performance scaling coincides with the rise of highly data-intensive workloads. In-memory…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Farzad Razi , Mehran Moghadam , Sercan Aygun , M. Hassan Najafi , Marc Riedel

Recently, in-memory analog matrix computing (AMC) with nonvolatile resistive memory has been developed for solving matrix problems in one step, e.g., matrix inversion of solving linear systems. However, the analog nature sets up a barrier…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Lunshuai Pan , Pushen Zuo , Yubiao Luo , Zhong Sun , Ru Huang

In this paper, we present a new 9T SRAM cell that has good write-ability and improves read stability at the same time. Simulation results show that the proposed design increases Read SNM (RSNM) and Ion/Ioff of read path by 219% and 113%,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Ghasem Pasandi , Sied Mehdi Fakhraei

The SRAM cell is made up of latch, which ensures that the cell data is preserved as long as power is turned on and refresh operation is not required for the SRAM cell. SRAM is widely used for on-chip cache memory in microprocessors, game…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Apollos Ezeogu

In-memory computing (IMC) architecture emerges as a promising paradigm, improving the energy efficiency of multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations within DNNs by integrating the parallel computations within the memory arrays. Various…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Zeyu Yang , Qingrong Huang , Yu Qian , Kai Ni , Thomas Kämpfe , Xunzhao Yin

In-memory computing is a promising approach to addressing the processor-memory data transfer bottleneck in computing systems. We propose Spin-Transfer Torque Compute-in-Memory (STT-CiM), a design for in-memory computing with Spin-Transfer…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Shubham Jain , Ashish Ranjan , Kaushik Roy , Anand Raghunathan

Deep learning hardware designs have been bottlenecked by conventional memories such as SRAM due to density, leakage and parallel computing challenges. Resistive devices can address the density and volatility issues, but have been limited by…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Shihui Yin , Xiaoyu Sun , Shimeng Yu , Jae-sun Seo

Multilayered artificial neural networks (ANN) have found widespread utility in classification and recognition applications. The scale and complexity of such networks together with the inadequacies of general purpose computing platforms have…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Parami Wijesinghe , Syed Shakib Sarwar , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Kaushik Roy

Compute-in-memory (CIM) techniques are widely employed in energy-efficient artificial intelligent (AI) processors. They alleviate power and latency bottlenecks caused by extensive data movements between compute and storage units. To extend…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Jianyi Yu , Tengxiao Wang , Yuxuan Wang , Xiang Fu , Fei Qiao , Ying Wang , Rui Yuan , Liyuan Liu , Cong Shi

In-Memory Computing (IMC) has emerged as a promising paradigm for energy-efficient, throughput-efficient and area-efficient machine learning at the edge. However, the differences in hardware architectures, array dimensions, and fabrication…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Jiacong Sun , Pouya Houshmand , Marian Verhelst

Traditional von Neumann architecture based processors become inefficient in terms of energy and throughput as they involve separate processing and memory units, also known as~\textit{memory wall}. The memory wall problem is further…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-20 Abhash Kumar , Jawar Singh , Sai Manohar Beeraka , Bharat Gupta

This paper presents a tutorial and review of SRAM-based Compute-in-Memory (CIM) circuits, with a focus on both Digital CIM (DCIM) and Analog CIM (ACIM) implementations. We explore the fundamental concepts, architectures, and operational…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Kentaro Yoshioka , Shimpei Ando , Satomi Miyagi , Yung-Chin Chen , Wenlun Zhang

This paper presents a programmable in-memory-computing processor, demonstrated in a 65nm CMOS technology. For data-centric workloads, such as deep neural networks, data movement often dominates when implemented with today's computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Hongyang Jia , Yinqi Tang , Hossein Valavi , Jintao Zhang , Naveen Verma