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This work introduces Open3DBench, an open-source 3D-IC backend implementation benchmark built upon the OpenROAD-flow-scripts framework, enabling comprehensive evaluation of power, performance, area, and thermal metrics. Our proposed flow…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yunqi Shi , Chengrui Gao , Wanqi Ren , Peng Xie , Siyuan Xu , Ke Xue , Mingxuan Yuan , Chao Qian , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Chiplet-based integration enables large-scale systems that combine diverse technologies, enabling higher yield, lower costs, and scalability, making them well-suited to AI workloads. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) has emerged as a promising…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Alish Kanani , Lukas Pfromm , Harsh Sharma , Janardhan Rao Doppa , Partha Pratim Pande , Umit Y. Ogras

3D stacked technology has emerged as an effective mechanism to overcome physical limits and communication delays found in 2D integration. However, 3D technology also presents several drawbacks that prevent its smooth application. Two of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 David Cuesta , José L. Risco-Martín , José L. Ayala , J. Ignacio Hidalgo

Chip placement, a critical step in the VLSI physical design flow, directly impacts performance, power, and routability. Traditional chip placement methods, relying on analytical optimization or sequential reinforcement learning (RL), face…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Kien Le Trung , Truong-Son Hy

Chiplet-based systems have gained significant attention in recent years due to their low cost and competitive performance. As the complexity and compactness of a chiplet-based system increase, careful consideration must be given to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Yuanyuan Duan , Xingchen Liu , Zhiping Yu , Hanming Wu , Leilai Shao , Xiaolei Zhu

Besides the lot of advantages offered by the 3D stacking of devices in an integrated circuit there is a chance of device damage due to rise in peak temperature value. Hence, in order to make use of all the potential benefits of the vertical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Ramya Menon C. , Vinod Pangracious

Due to embedded systems` stringent design constraints, much prior work focused on optimizing energy consumption and/or performance. Since embedded systems typically have fewer cooling options, rising temperature, and thus temperature…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Tosiron Adegbija , Ann Gordon-Ross

Global placement is a fundamental step in VLSI physical design. The wide use of 2D processing element (PE) arrays in machine learning accelerators poses new challenges of scalability and Quality of Results (QoR) for state-of-the-art…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Andrew B. Kahng , Zhiang Wang

The increasing complexity of modern very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design highlights the significance of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) technologies. Chip placement is a critical step in the EDA workflow, which positions chip…

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have established new performance benchmarks in vision tasks such as image recognition and object detection. However, these advancements come with significant demands for memory and computational resources,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Cong Wang , Zexin Fu , Jiayi Huang , Shanshi Huang

A chiplet is an integrated circuit that encompasses a well-defined subset of an overall system's functionality. In contrast to traditional monolithic system-on-chips (SoCs), chiplet-based architecture can reduce costs and increase…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Shixin Chen , Shanyi Li , Zhen Zhuang , Su Zheng , Zheng Liang , Tsung-Yi Ho , Bei Yu , Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) is accelerating the integration of multimodal assistants into edge devices, where inference is executed under stringent latency and energy constraints, often exacerbated by intermittent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yanru Chen , Runyang Tian , Yue Pan , Zheyu Li , Weihong Xu , Tajana Rosing

The chiplet-based System-in-Package~(SiP) technology enables more design flexibility via various inter-chiplet connection and heterogeneous integration. However, it is not known how to convert such flexibility into cost efficiency, which is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Tianqi Tang , Yuan Xie

Advanced 2.5D Systems-in-Package (SiPs) compose a growing portion of high-performance systems. While the packaging and interconnect choices play a large role in the overall system design, system architects still lack a suitable framework…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhengping Zhu , Austin Rovinski

In a multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC) IC the processor is one of the highest heat dissipating devices. The temperature generated in an IC may vary with floor plan of the chip. This paper proposes an integration and thermal analysis…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2012-01-24 Ramya Menon C. , Vinod Pangracious

With the increasing prevalence of chiplet systems in high-performance computing applications, the number of design options has increased dramatically. Instead of chips defaulting to a single die design, now there are options for 2.5D and 3D…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Alexander Graening , Jonti Talukdar , Saptadeep Pal , Krishnendu Chakrabarty , Puneet Gupta

With the advent of system-in-package (SiP) chiplet-based design and heterogeneous 2.5D/3D integration, thermal-induced warpage has become a critical reliability concern. While conventional numerical approaches can deliver highly accurate…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Haotian Lu , Jincong Lu , Sachin Sachdeva , Sheldon X. -D. Tan

Timing optimization during the global placement of integrated circuits has been a significant focus for decades, yet it remains a complex, unresolved issue. Recent analytical methods typically use pin-level timing information to adjust net…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yunqi Shi , Siyuan Xu , Shixiong Kai , Xi Lin , Ke Xue , Mingxuan Yuan , Chao Qian

Thermal behavior has become a first-order constraint in advanced 2.5D/3D integrated circuits (ICs) and heterogeneous packages. As power densities rise and multiple active dies are vertically integrated, heat removal paths become…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Baibhari Priya Barua , Md Rahatul Islam Udoy , Ahmedullah Aziz

In recent years, deep learning models have become ubiquitous in industry and academia alike. Deep neural networks can solve some of the most complex pattern-recognition problems today, but come with the price of massive compute and memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Shreshth Tuli , Giuliano Casale , Nicholas R. Jennings